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ÁÈÁËÈÎÒÅÊÀ ÃÎÑÒÎÂ, ÑÒÀÍÄÀÐÒÎÂ È ÍÎÐÌÀÒÈÂÎÂ

:: ÀËÃÎÒÐÅÉÄÈÍÃ ::


ÀËÃÎÒÐÅÉÄÈÍÃ
øàã çà øàãîì


ÁÅÑÏËÀÒÍÛÅ ÓÐÎÊÈ ïî ñîçäàíèþ òîðãîâûõ ðîáîòîâ íà PYTHON ñ íóëÿ, øàã çà øàãîì.


Ìèíèìàëüíûå çíàíèÿ íà PYTHON.
Áèáëèîòåêè BackTrader è Pandas, ñèãíàëû ñ Pine Script èç TradingView.
Ñâÿçêà ñ áðîêåðàìè, òåëåãðàì.
Ñîçäàíèå ïðîñòûõ èíòåðôåéñîâ.

 

Âñå äîêóìåíòû, ïðåäñòàâëåííûå â êàòàëîãå, íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ èõ îôèöèàëüíûì èçäàíèåì è ïðåäíàçíà÷åíû èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî äëÿ îçíàêîìèòåëüíûõ öåëåé. Ýëåêòðîííûå êîïèè ýòèõ äîêóìåíòîâ ìîãóò ðàñïðîñòðàíÿòüñÿ áåç âñÿêèõ îãðàíè÷åíèé. Âû ìîæåòå ðàçìåùàòü èíôîðìàöèþ ñ ýòîãî ñàéòà íà ëþáîì äðóãîì ñàéòå.


Ôåäåðàëüíûé ãîðíûé è ïðîìûøëåííûé íàäçîð Ðîññèè

(Ãîñãîðòåõíàäçîð Ðîññèè)

Ñåðèÿ 28

Íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü

Âûïóñê 4

ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ
ÍÅÐÀÇÐÓØÀÞÙÅÃÎ ÊÎÍÒÐÎËß

ÂÈÄÛ (ÌÅÒÎÄÛ) È ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈß
ÍÅÐÀÇÐÓØÀÞÙÅÃÎ ÊÎÍÒÐÎËß

ÒÅÐÌÈÍÛ È ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈß

Ñïðàâî÷íîå ïîñîáèå

2003

Ìîñêâà

Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå óíèòàðíîå ïðåäïðèÿòèå «Íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêèé öåíòð ïî áåçîïàñíîñòè â ïðîìûøëåííîñòè Ãîñãîðòåõíàäçîðà Ðîññèè»

Îòâåòñòâåííûå ñîñòàâèòåëè-ðàçðàáîò÷èêè:

Ï.Ï. Áèðþêîâà (ðàçäåëû 1, 2), Â.Ï. Âàâèëîâ (ðàçäåë 12), Â.À. Âîðîíêîâ (ðàçäåëû 1, 2, 4), Þ.À. Ãëàçêîâ (ðàçäåë 7), À.È. Åâëàìïèåâ (ðàçäåë 8), Â.Ã. Çàñåöêèé (ðàçäåë 11), Â.È. Èâàíîâ (ðàçäåëû 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 12), Í.Í. Êîíîâàëîâ (ðàçäåëû 1, 2), Þ.Â. Ëàíãå (ðàçäåë 4), Ë.À. Ñîêîëîâà (ðàçäåë 6), Ô.Ð. Ñîñíèí (ðàçäåëû 3, 10, 12), Ì.Â. Ôèëèíîâ (ðàçäåë 6), Â.Å. Øàòåðíèêîâ (ðàçäåë 5), Â.Ï. Øåâ÷åíêî (ðàçäåëû 1, 2), Ã.Ñ. Øåëèõîâ (ðàçäåë 7)

Ñèñòåìà íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ. Âèäû (ìåòîäû) è òåõíîëîãèÿ íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ. Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ: Ñïðàâî÷íîå ïîñîáèå. Ñåðèÿ 28. Âûïóñê 4 / Êîëë.àâò. - Ì.: Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå óíèòàðíîå ïðåäïðèÿòèå «Íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêèé öåíòð ïî áåçîïàñíîñòè â ïðîìûøëåííîñòè Ãîñãîðòåõíàäçîðà Ðîññèè», 2003.

 íàñòîÿùåå Ñïðàâî÷íîå ïîñîáèå âêëþ÷åíû òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïî âèäàì (ìåòîäàì) íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ, ïî êîòîðûì ïðîâîäèòñÿ àòòåñòàöèÿ â Ñèñòåìå íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ Ãîñãîðòåõíàäçîðà Ðîññèè, à òàêæå ïî îáùèì âîïðîñàì íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ.

Ñïðàâî÷íîå ïîñîáèå ïðåäíàçíà÷åíî äëÿ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ â îáëàñòè íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ è ñìåæíûõ îáëàñòÿõ. Îíî ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíî ïðè ðàçðàáîòêå ñòàíäàðòîâ, ìåòîäè÷åñêîé è äðóãîé òåõíè÷åñêîé äîêóìåíòàöèè ïî íåðàçðóøàþùåìó êîíòðîëþ, ïðè íàïèñàíèè ñòàòåé, êíèã è äðóãèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ. Ìîæåò îêàçàòüñÿ ïîëåçíûì ïðè ïåðåâîäå òåêñòîâ ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé è ñ àíãëèéñêîãî íà ðóññêèé.

Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå óíèòàðíîå ïðåäïðèÿòèå «Íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêèé öåíòð ïî áåçîïàñíîñòè â ïðîìûøëåííîñòè Ãîñãîðòåõíàäçîðà Ðîññèè» (ÃÓÏ «ÍÃÖ «Ïðîìûøëåííàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü») - îôèöèàëüíûé èçäàòåëü íîðìàòèâíûõ äîêóìåíòîâ Ãîñãîðòåõíàäçîðà Ðîññèè (ïðèêàç Ãîñãîðòåõíàäçîðà Ðîññèè îò 19.03.01 ¹ 32)

ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ

Ââåäåíèå. 3

1. Îáùèå òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ. 4

Áåçîïàñíîñòü. 4

Òåõíè÷åñêàÿ äîêóìåíòàöèÿ. 6

Ñìåæíûå âèäû äåÿòåëüíîñòè. 7

Àëôàâèòíûé ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ ðàçäåëà 1. 8

Èñòî÷íèêè òåðìèíîâ è îïðåäåëåíèé ðàçäåëà 1. 9

2. Îáùèå òåðìèíû ïî íåðàçðóøàþùåìó êîíòðîëþ.. 10

Äåôåêòû.. 12

Àëôàâèòíûé ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ ðàçäåëà 2. 15

Èñòî÷íèêè òåðìèíîâ è îïðåäåëåíèé ðàçäåëà 2. 17

3. Ðàäèàöèîííûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü. 17

Àëôàâèòíûé ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ ðàçäåëà 3. 28

Èñòî÷íèêè òåðìèíîâ è îïðåäåëåíèé ðàçäåëà 3. 32

4. Àêóñòè÷åñêèé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü. 32

4.1. Ìåõàíè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè. 32

4.2. Óïðóãèå êîëåáàíèÿ. 34

4.3. Óïðóãèå âîëíû.. 37

4.5. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè, èõ ýëåìåíòû è ïàðàìåòðû.. 49

4.6. Ñïîñîáû àêóñòè÷åñêîãî êîíòàêòà. 58

4.7. Àêóñòè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ. 59

4.8. Ñèãíàëû è îáðàáîòêà èíôîðìàöèè. 63

4.9. Àïïàðàòóðà àêóñòè÷åñêîãî êîíòðîëÿ è åå ïàðàìåòðû.. 67

4.10. Ïðåäñòàâëåíèå èíôîðìàöèè. 73

4.11. Òèïû íåñïëîøíîñòåé è îáðàçöû äëÿ êîíòðîëÿ. 75

4.12. Îñíîâíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè êîíòðîëÿ. 77

àëôàâèòíûé ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ ðàçäåëà 4 íà ðóññêîì ÿçûêå. 82

àëôàâèòíûé ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ ðàçäåëà 4 íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå. 96

èñòî÷íèêè òåðìèíîâ è îïðåäåëåíèé ðàçäåëà 4. 111

5. Âèõðåòîêîâûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü. 112

Àëôàâèòíûé ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ ðàçäåëà 5. 124

6. Êîíòðîëü ïðîíèêàþùèìè âåùåñòâàìè (êàïèëëÿðíûé) 128

Àëôàâèòíûé ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ ðàçäåëà 6. 134

7. Ìàãíèòíûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü. 136

Ôèçè÷åñêèå îñíîâû.. 136

Ñïîñîáû ìàãíèòîïîðîøêîâîãî êîíòðîëÿ. 142

Àïïàðàòóðà è ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè äëÿ ìàãíèòîïîðîøêîâîãî êîíòðîëÿ. 143

Ìàãíèòíûå èíäèêàòîðû è èõ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè. 147

Òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèå îïåðàöèè ìàãíèòîïîðîøêîâîãî êîíòðîëÿ. 149

Àëôàâèòíûé ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ ðàçäåëà 7. 153

8. Êîíòðîëü ïðîíèêàþùèìè âåùåñòâàìè (òå÷åèñêàíèå) 160

Îáùèå ïîíÿòèÿ. 160

Ìåòîäû è àïïàðàòóðà òå÷åèñêàíèÿ. 161

Àëôàâèòíûé ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ ðàçäåëà 8. 163

9. Àêóñòèêî-ýìèññèîííûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü. 165

Ôèçè÷åñêèå îñíîâû.. 165

ÀÝ ñèãíàë è åãî ïàðàìåòðû.. 166

Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ è êðèòåðèè îöåíêè èñòî÷íèêîâ ÀÝ.. 169

Òåõíè÷åñêèå óñòðîéñòâà. 170

Àëôàâèòíûé ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ ðàçäåëà 9. 171

Èñòî÷íèêè òåðìèíîâ è îïðåäåëåíèé ðàçäåëà 9. 174

10. Îïòè÷åñêèé, âèçóàëüíûé è èçìåðèòåëüíûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü. 174

Àëôàâèòíûé ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ ðàçäåëà 10. 179

11. Âèáðàöèîííûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü. 181

Àëôàâèòíûé ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ ðàçäåëà 11. 191

12. Òåïëîâîé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü. 194

Îáùèå òåðìèíû òåïëîâîãî êîíòðîëÿ. 194

Ïðîöåäóðû òåïëîâîãî êîíòðîëÿ. 195

Ïàðàìåòðû òåïëîâîãî íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ. 198

Ïðåäñòàâëåíèå äàííûõ. 198

Ñðåäñòâà òåïëîâîãî êîíòðîëÿ. 199

Àëôàâèòíûé ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ ðàçäåëà 12. 200

ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ

Íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (ÍÊ) ÿâëÿåòñÿ âàæíåéøèì ýëåìåíòîì ñèñòåìû ýêñïåðòèçû ïðîìûøëåííîé áåçîïàñíîñòè, îáåñïå÷èâàþùåé òåõíè÷åñêóþ áåçîïàñíîñòü íà îïàñíîì ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîì îáúåêòå. Çà ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ÍÊ, âûïîëíÿÿ âàæíóþ ôóíêöèþ â óêàçàííîé ñèñòåìå, ðàçâèâàåòñÿ óñêîðåííûìè òåìïàìè âî âñåõ ñâîèõ ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ, âêëþ÷àÿ ðàçâèòèå íîâûõ ìåòîäîâ è ìåòîäèê, ñîçäàíèå áîëåå ñîâåðøåííîé òåõíèêè, áàçèðóþùåéñÿ íà äîñòèæåíèÿõ ýëåêòðîíèêè è âû÷èñëèòåëüíûõ óñòðîéñòâ, ïîâûøåíèå òðåáîâàíèé ê ïåðñîíàëó â îáëàñòè ÍÊ.

Ðàçâèòèå ÍÊ íàøëî ñâîå îòðàæåíèå è â ïîÿâëåíèè íîâûõ òåðìèíîâ, êîòîðûå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ â ïðàêòèêå, íàó÷íûõ òðóäàõ è òåõíè÷åñêèõ îïèñàíèÿõ. ÍÊ âî âñå áîëüøåé ñòåïåíè êîíòàêòèðóåò ñî ñìåæíûìè íàïðàâëåíèÿìè, ó÷àñòâóþùèìè â îöåíêå ðåàëüíîãî òåõíè÷åñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ îáúåêòîâ, îïðåäåëåíèè âîçìîæíîñòè èõ äàëüíåéøåé ýêñïëóàòàöèè è ñðîêîâ áåçîïàñíîé ðàáîòû (ïðîáëåìà ðåñóðñà). Ê òàêèì íàïðàâëåíèÿì îòíîñÿòñÿ ìåòàëëîâåäåíèå, ìåõàíèêà ðàçðóøåíèÿ (ðàñ÷åòû ïðî÷íîñòè), òåîðèÿ íàäåæíîñòè è äðóãèå ðàçäåëû íàóêè è òåõíèêè. Âñå ýòî ñïîñîáñòâóåò ïîÿâëåíèþ â îáëàñòè ÍÊ íîâûõ ïîíÿòèé è ñîîòâåòñòâåííî íîâûõ òåðìèíîâ.  ÍÊ òðàäèöèîííî èñïîëüçóþòñÿ òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå äðóãèì îáëàñòÿì çíàíèé, íàïðèìåð ôèçèêå, ïðèêëàäíîé ìàòåìàòèêå, ðàäèîýëåêòðîíèêå, ìåòðîëîãèè, êîòîðûå òàêæå íóæäàþòñÿ â ñèñòåìàòèçàöèè è óòî÷íåíèè.

Òåðìèíîëîãèÿ, âêëþ÷àþùàÿ òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ, â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè îòðàæàåò óðîâåíü ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ âèäîâ äåÿòåëüíîñòè. ÍÊ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íàõîäèòñÿ íà î÷åðåäíîì ýòàïå ñêà÷êîîáðàçíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ. Ïåðåä íèì ñòîÿò çàäà÷è íå òîëüêî ñáîðà èíôîðìàöèè î íàëè÷èè èëè îòñóòñòâèè äåôåêòîâ â êîíòðîëèðóåìîì îáúåêòå, íî è çàäà÷è èçìåðåíèÿ ïàðàìåòðîâ îáíàðóæåííûõ äåôåêòîâ â öåëÿõ îïðåäåëåíèÿ âëèÿíèÿ äåôåêòîâ íà ïðî÷íîñòü îáúåêòà, íà âîçìîæíîñòü åãî áåçîïàñíîé ýêñïëóàòàöèè.

Òåðìèí - ýòî ñëîâî èëè ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèå, ÿâëÿþùååñÿ òî÷íûì íàçâàíèåì, îáîçíà÷àþùèì íåêîòîðîå ïîíÿòèå íàóêè è òåõíèêè, õàðàêòåðèçóþùååñÿ óñòîé÷èâîé îäíîçíà÷íîñòüþ è îïðåäåëåííîñòüþ.

Îïðåäåëåíèå - ýòî ðàñêðûòèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ òåðìèíà (ïîíÿòèÿ), îáúÿñíåíèå åãî çíà÷åíèÿ (ñìûñëà, ñîäåðæàíèÿ). Ïðè ôîðìóëèðîâàíèè îïðåäåëåíèÿ, êàê ïðàâèëî, ïåðå÷èñëÿþòñÿ íå âñå ïðèçíàêè, à òîëüêî îòëè÷èòåëüíûå, ñóùåñòâåííûå, íàèáîëåå ïîëíî ðàñêðûâàþùèå ñîäåðæàíèå òåðìèíà.

 ðàìêàõ äàëüíåéøåãî ðàçâèòèÿ Ñèñòåìû ÍÊ áûëî ïðèíÿòî ðåøåíèå î ñîçäàíèè òåðìèíîëîãè÷åñêîãî äîêóìåíòà (ñïðàâî÷íîãî ïîñîáèÿ) â îáëàñòè ÍÊ, â êîòîðîì áû íàøëè îòðàæåíèå ïðîöåññû îáíîâëåíèÿ è ðàçâèòèÿ âñåõ ìåòîäîâ ÍÊ. Ïîòðåáíîñòü â òàêîì äîêóìåíòå ñâÿçàíà òàêæå ñ ïðèõîäîì â ÍÊ áîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà íîâûõ ëþäåé, äëÿ êîòîðûõ çíàêîìñòâî ñ òåðìèíîëîãèåé ìîæåò ÿâèòüñÿ ýëåìåíòîì âõîæäåíèÿ â ïðîôåññèþ è ïîëó÷åíèÿ îáðàçîâàòåëüíîé èíôîðìàöèè.

Ðàçðàáîòàííûé äîêóìåíò ñîñòîèò èç ñëåäóþùèõ ðàçäåëîâ:

1. Îáùèå òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ.

2. Îáùèå òåðìèíû ïî íåðàçðóøàþùåìó êîíòðîëþ.

3. Ðàäèàöèîííûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü.

4. Àêóñòè÷åñêèé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü.

5. Âèõðåòîêîâûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü.

6. Êîíòðîëü ïðîíèêàþùèìè âåùåñòâàìè (êàïèëëÿðíûé).

7. Ìàãíèòíûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü.

8. Êîíòðîëü ïðîíèêàþùèìè âåùåñòâàìè (òå÷åèñêàíèå).

9. Àêóñòèêî-ýìèññèîííûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü.

10. Îïòè÷åñêèé, âèçóàëüíûé è èçìåðèòåëüíûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü.

11. Âèáðàöèîííûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü.

12. Òåïëîâîé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü.

Êàæäàÿ òåðìèíîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñòàòüÿ ñîñòîèò èç òåðìèíà, åãî àíãëèéñêîãî ýêâèâàëåíòà (ïåðåâîäà íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê), îáîçíà÷åíèÿ (åñëè îíî èìååòñÿ) è îïðåäåëåíèÿ òåðìèíà.  êîíöå ñëîâàðíîé ñòàòüè ïðèâåäåí èñòî÷íèê, êàê ïðàâèëî, ýòî ñòàíäàðò (ðîññèéñêèé èëè ìåæäóíàðîäíûé).  ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ â òåðìèíîëîãè÷åñêîé ñòàòüå ïðèâåäåíî ïðèìå÷àíèå, ðàçúÿñíÿþùåå èëè äîïîëíÿþùåå îïðåäåëåíèå òåðìèíà.  êîíöå íåêîòîðûõ ðàçäåëîâ ïðèâåäåíû ñïèñêè èñòî÷íèêîâ. Êðîìå òîãî, êàæäûé ðàçäåë ñîäåðæèò àëôàâèòíûé ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ.

 òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà òåðìèíû ñâÿçàíû ñ ôèçè÷åñêîé âåëè÷èíîé, åäèíèöû èçìåðåíèÿ äàíû â Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé ñèñòåìå åäèíèö (ÑÈ).

Êàæäûé ðàçäåë îáñóæäàëñÿ íà çàñåäàíèÿõ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ñåêöèé Ñîâåòà ýêñïåðòîâ ïî ÍÊ. Ðàçðàáîò÷èêè ñ áëàãîäàðíîñòüþ ïðèìóò çàìå÷àíèÿ è ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïî ñîäåðæàíèþ, êîòîðûå áóäóò ó÷òåíû â ñëåäóþùèõ èçäàíèÿõ Ñïðàâî÷íîãî ïîñîáèÿ.

1. ÎÁÙÈÅ ÒÅÐÌÈÍÛ È ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈß

Áåçîïàñíîñòü

1.1. Áåçîïàñíîñòü òðóäà (Safety of a transactions) - ñîñòîÿíèå óñëîâèé òðóäà, ïðè êîòîðîì èñêëþ÷åíî âîçäåéñòâèå íà ðàáîòàþùèõ îïàñíûõ è âðåäíûõ ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ ôàêòîðîâ [1].

1.2. Áåçîïàñíîñòü ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ (Safety of an industrial equipment) - ñâîéñòâî ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ ñîõðàíÿòü ñîîòâåòñòâèå òðåáîâàíèÿì áåçîïàñíîñòè òðóäà ïðè âûïîëíåíèè çàäàííûõ ôóíêöèé â óñëîâèÿõ, óñòàíîâëåííûõ íîðìàòèâíî-òåõíè÷åñêîé äîêóìåíòàöèåé [1].

1.3. Òåõíèêà áåçîïàñíîñòè (Safety precautions) - ñèñòåìà îðãàíèçàöèîííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé è òåõíè÷åñêèõ ñðåäñòâ, ïðåäîòâðàùàþùèõ âîçäåéñòâèå íà ðàáîòàþùèõ îïàñíûõ ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ ôàêòîðîâ [1].

1.4. Ïðîìûøëåííàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü îïàñíûõ ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ îáúåêòîâ (Industrial safety of hazardous production facilities) - ñîñòîÿíèå çàùèùåííîñòè æèçíåííî âàæíûõ èíòåðåñîâ ëè÷íîñòè è îáùåñòâà îò àâàðèé íà îïàñíûõ ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ îáúåêòàõ è ïîñëåäñòâèé óêàçàííûõ àâàðèé [2].

1.5. Ýêñïåðòèçà ïðîìûøëåííîé áåçîïàñíîñòè (Industrial safety expertise) - îöåíêà ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ îáúåêòà ýêñïåðòèçû ïðåäúÿâëÿåìûì ê íåìó òðåáîâàíèÿì ïðîìûøëåííîé áåçîïàñíîñòè, ðåçóëüòàòîì êîòîðîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ çàêëþ÷åíèå [3].

1.6. Îáúåêòû ýêñïåðòèçû (Objects of expertise) - ïðîåêòíàÿ äîêóìåíòàöèÿ, òåõíè÷åñêèå óñòðîéñòâà, çäàíèÿ è ñîîðóæåíèÿ íà îïàñíîì ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîì îáúåêòå, äåêëàðàöèè ïðîìûøëåííîé áåçîïàñíîñòè è èíûå äîêóìåíòû, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ýêñïëóàòàöèåé îïàñíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîãî îáúåêòà [3].

1.7. Ýêñïåðòíàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ (Expert organisation) - îðãàíèçàöèÿ, èìåþùàÿ ëèöåíçèþ Ãîñãîðòåõíàäçîðà Ðîññèè íà ïðîâåäåíèå ýêñïåðòèçû ïðîìûøëåííîé áåçîïàñíîñòè â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ äåéñòâóþùèì çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîì [3].

1.8. Ýêñïåðò (Expert) - ñïåöèàëèñò, îñóùåñòâëÿþùèé ïðîâåäåíèå ýêñïåðòèçû ïðîìûøëåííîé áåçîïàñíîñòè [3].

1.9. Êà÷åñòâî (Quality) - ñîâîêóïíîñòü ñâîéñòâ è õàðàêòåðèñòèê ïðîäóêöèè èëè óñëóãè, êîòîðûå ïðèäàþò èì ñïîñîáíîñòü óäîâëåòâîðÿòü îáóñëîâëåííûå èëè ïðåäïîëàãàåìûå ïîòðåáíîñòè [4].

1.10. Íîðìàòèâíûå ïîêàçàòåëè êà÷åñòâà (ÍÏÊ) (Normative parameters of quality) - ïîêàçàòåëè ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ ïðåäúÿâëÿåìûì åìó òåõíè÷åñêèì òðåáîâàíèÿì.

1.11. Òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèé ïðîöåññ (Technological process) - ÷àñòü ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîãî ïðîöåññà, ñîäåðæàùàÿ öåëåíàïðàâëåííûå äåéñòâèÿ ïî èçìåíåíèþ (èëè) îïðåäåëåíèþ ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïðåäìåòà òðóäà [5].

1.12. Ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûé ïðîöåññ (Production) - ñîâîêóïíîñòü âñåõ äåéñòâèé ëþäåé è îðóäèé òðóäà, íåîáõîäèìûõ íà äàííîì ïðåäïðèÿòèè äëÿ èçãîòîâëåíèÿ è ðåìîíòà ïðîäóêöèè [6].

1.13. Ðàáîòîñïîñîáíîå ñîñòîÿíèå (Up state) - ñîñòîÿíèå îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ, ïðè êîòîðîì çíà÷åíèå âñåõ ïàðàìåòðîâ, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèõ ñïîñîáíîñòü âûïîëíÿòü çàäàííûå ôóíêöèè, ñîîòâåòñòâóåò òðåáîâàíèÿì íîðìàòèâíîé òåõíè÷åñêîé äîêóìåíòàöèè è (èëè) êîíñòðóêòîðñêîé (ïðîåêòíîé) äîêóìåíòàöèè [7].

1.14. Ïðîìûøëåííàÿ êàòàñòðîôà (Industrial catastrophe) - êðóïíàÿ ïðîìûøëåííàÿ àâàðèÿ, ïîâëåêøàÿ çà ñîáîé ÷åëîâå÷åñêèå æåðòâû, óùåðá çäîðîâüþ ëþäåé ëèáî ðàçðóøåíèå è óíè÷òîæåíèå îáúåêòîâ, ìàòåðèàëüíûõ öåííîñòåé â çíà÷èòåëüíûõ ðàçìåðàõ, à òàêæå ïðèâåäøàÿ ê ñåðüåçíîìó óùåðáó îêðóæàþùåé ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäå [8].

1.15. Àâàðèÿ (Accident) - ðàçðóøåíèå ñîîðóæåíèé è (èëè) òåõíè÷åñêèõ óñòðîéñòâ, ïðèìåíÿåìûõ íà îïàñíîì ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîì îáúåêòå, íåêîíòðîëèðóåìûå âçðûâ è (èëè) âûáðîñ îïàñíûõ âåùåñòâ [2].

1.16. Èíöèäåíò (Incident) - îòêàç èëè ïîâðåæäåíèå òåõíè÷åñêèõ óñòðîéñòâ, ïðèìåíÿåìûõ íà îïàñíîì ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîì îáúåêòå, îòêëîíåíèå îò ðåæèìà òåõíîëîãè÷åñêîãî ïðîöåññà, íàðóøåíèå ïîëîæåíèé ôåäåðàëüíûõ çàêîíîâ è èíûõ íîðìàòèâíûõ ïðàâîâûõ àêòîâ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, à òàêæå íîðìàòèâíûõ òåõíè÷åñêèõ äîêóìåíòîâ, óñòàíàâëèâàþùèõ ïðàâèëà âåäåíèÿ ðàáîò íà îïàñíîì ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîì îáúåêòå [2].

1.17. Íåøòàòíàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ (Unnominal situation) - ñèòóàöèÿ, ïðè êîòîðîé òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèé ïðîöåññ èëè ñîñòîÿíèå îáîðóäîâàíèÿ âûõîäèò çà ðàìêè íîðìàëüíîãî ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ è ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè ê àâàðèè [9].

1.18. Îòêàç (Failure) - ñîáûòèå, çàêëþ÷àþùååñÿ â íàðóøåíèè ðàáîòîñïîñîáíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ îáúåêòà [7].

1.19. Ñáîé (Refusal) - ñàìîóñòðàíÿþùèéñÿ îòêàç èëè îäíîêðàòíûé îòêàç, óñòðàíÿåìûé íåçíà÷èòåëüíûì âìåøàòåëüñòâîì îïåðàòîðà [7].

1.20. Êðèòåðèé îòêàçà (Failure criterion) - ïðèçíàê èëè ñîâîêóïíîñòü ïðèçíàêîâ íàðóøåíèÿ ðàáîòîñïîñîáíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ îáúåêòà, óñòàíîâëåííûå â íîðìàòèâíîé òåõíè÷åñêîé äîêóìåíòàöèè è (èëè) êîíñòðóêòîðñêîé (ïðîåêòíîé) äîêóìåíòàöèè [7].

1.21. Ïðåäåëüíîå ñîñòîÿíèå (Limiting condition) - ñîñòîÿíèå îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ, ïðè êîòîðîì åãî äàëüíåéøàÿ ýêñïëóàòàöèÿ íåäîïóñòèìà èëè íåöåëåñîîáðàçíà ëèáî âîññòàíîâëåíèå åãî ðàáîòîñïîñîáíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ íåâîçìîæíî èëè íåöåëåñîîáðàçíî [7].

1.22. Êðèòåðèé ïðåäåëüíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ (Criterion of a limiting condition) - ñîâîêóïíîñòü ïðèçíàêîâ, ïðè êîòîðûõ èñïîëüçîâàíèå òåõíè÷åñêîãî óñòðîéñòâà ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ äîëæíî áûòü ïðåêðàùåíî (èëè íåâîçìîæíî) è îíî äîëæíî íàïðàâëÿòüñÿ íà êàïèòàëüíûé ðåìîíò èëè ñíèìàòüñÿ ñ ýêñïëóàòàöèè [7]*.

* Çäåñü è äàëåå ïî òåêñòó çíàê * îçíà÷àåò: «Îïðåäåëåíèå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî òåðìèíà ñêîððåêòèðîâàíî îòíîñèòåëüíî îïðåäåëåíèÿ, äàííîãî â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì èñòî÷íèêå».

1.23. Ñðîê ñëóæáû (Lifetime) - êàëåíäàðíàÿ ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ýêñïëóàòàöèè îò íà÷àëà ýêñïëóàòàöèè îáúåêòà èëè åå âîçîáíîâëåíèå ïîñëå ðåìîíòà äî ïåðåõîäà â ïðåäåëüíîå ñîñòîÿíèå [7].

1.24. Îñòàòî÷íûé ðåñóðñ (Residual life) - ñóììàðíàÿ íàðàáîòêà îáúåêòà îò ìîìåíòà êîíòðîëÿ åãî òåõíè÷åñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ äî ïåðåõîäà â ïðåäåëüíîå ñîñòîÿíèå [7].

Òåõíè÷åñêàÿ äîêóìåíòàöèÿ

1.25. Íîðìàòèâíûé òåõíè÷åñêèé äîêóìåíò (Technical standard) - äîêóìåíò, óñòàíàâëèâàþùèé ïðàâèëà, îáùèå ïðèíöèïû èëè õàðàêòåðèñòèêè, êàñàþùèåñÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ äåÿòåëüíîñòè èëè èõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ [10]*.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ïîä äîêóìåíòîì ñëåäóåò ïîíèìàòü ëþáîé íîñèòåëü ñ çàïèñàííîé â íåì èëè íà åãî ïîâåðõíîñòè èíôîðìàöèåé.

1.26. Òåõíè÷åñêîå óñëîâèå (Specification) - äîêóìåíò, óñòàíàâëèâàþùèé òåõíè÷åñêèå òðåáîâàíèÿ, êîòîðûì äîëæíà óäîâëåòâîðÿòü ïðîäóêöèÿ, ïðîöåññ èëè óñëóãà [10].

1.27. Ñòàíäàðò (Standard) - äîêóìåíò, â êîòîðîì â öåëÿõ äîáðîâîëüíîãî ìíîãîêðàòíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ óñòàíàâëèâàþòñÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ïðîäóêöèè, ïðàâèëà îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ è õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ïðîöåññîâ ïðîèçâîäñòâà, ýêñïëóàòàöèè, õðàíåíèÿ, ïåðåâîçêè, ðåàëèçàöèè è óòèëèçàöèè, âûïîëíåíèÿ ðàáîò èëè îêàçàíèÿ óñëóã. Ñòàíäàðò òàêæå ìîæåò ñîäåðæàòü òðåáîâàíèÿ ê òåðìèíîëîãèè, ñèìâîëèêå, óïàêîâêå, ìàðêèðîâêå èëè ýòèêåòêàì è ïðàâèëàì èõ íàíåñåíèÿ [15].

1.28. Íàöèîíàëüíûé ñòàíäàðò (National standard) - ñòàíäàðò, ïðèíÿòûé íàöèîíàëüíûì îðãàíîì ïî ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè è äîñòóïíûé øèðîêîìó êðóãó ïîëüçîâàòåëåé [10].

1.29. Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ñòàíäàðò Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè (State standard of Russian Federation) - íàöèîíàëüíûé ñòàíäàðò, ïðèíÿòûé ôåäåðàëüíûì îðãàíîì èñïîëíèòåëüíîé âëàñòè ïî ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè èëè ôåäåðàëüíûì îðãàíîì èñïîëíèòåëüíîé âëàñòè ïî ñòðîèòåëüñòâó [10].

1.30. Ìåæãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ñòàíäàðò (International standard) - ðåãèîíàëüíûé ñòàíäàðò, ïðèíÿòûé ãîñóäàðñòâàìè, ïðèñîåäèíèâøèìèñÿ ê Ñîãëàøåíèþ î ïðîâåäåíèè ñîãëàñîâàííîé ïîëèòèêè â îáëàñòè ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè, ìåòðîëîãèè è ñåðòèôèêàöèè [10].

1.31. Ñòàíäàðò îòðàñëè (Branch standard) - ñòàíäàðò, ïðèíÿòûé ôåäåðàëüíûì îðãàíîì èñïîëíèòåëüíîé âëàñòè â ïðåäåëàõ åãî êîìïåòåíöèè [10].

1.32. Ñòàíäàðò ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ (Standard of the enterprise) - ñòàíäàðò, ïðèíÿòûé ñóáúåêòîì õîçÿéñòâîâàíèÿ [10].

1.33. Ãàðìîíèçèðîâàííûå ñòàíäàðòû (Harmonized standards) - ñòàíäàðòû, ïðèíÿòûå ðàçëè÷íûìè çàíèìàþùèìèñÿ ñòàíäàðòèçàöèåé îðãàíàìè, ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùèåñÿ íà îäíè è òå æå îáúåêòû ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè è îáåñïå÷èâàþùèå âçàèìîçàìåíÿåìîñòü ïðîäóêöèè, ïðîöåññîâ è óñëóã è âçàèìíîå ïîíèìàíèå ðåçóëüòàòîâ èñïûòàíèé èëè èíôîðìàöèè, ïðåäñòàâëÿåìîé â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ýòèìè ñòàíäàðòàìè [10].

1.34. Óíèôèöèðîâàííûå ñòàíäàðòû (Unified standards) - ãàðìîíèçèðîâàííûå ñòàíäàðòû, êîòîðûå èäåíòè÷íû ïî ñîäåðæàíèþ è ïî ôîðìå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ [10].

1.35. Èäåíòè÷íûå ñòàíäàðòû (Identical standards) - ãàðìîíèçèðîâàííûå ñòàíäàðòû, êîòîðûå èäåíòè÷íû ïî ñîäåðæàíèþ, íî íå èäåíòè÷íû ïî ôîðìå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ [10].

1.36. Ñåðòèôèêàò ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ (Certificate of conformance) - äîêóìåíò, âûäàííûé â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïðàâèëàìè ñèñòåìû ñåðòèôèêàöèè è óäîñòîâåðÿþùèé, ÷òî äîëæíûì îáðàçîì èäåíòèôèöèðîâàííàÿ ïðîäóêöèÿ, ïðîöåññ èëè óñëóãà ñîîòâåòñòâóþò êîíêðåòíîìó ñòàíäàðòó èëè äðóãîìó íîðìàòèâíîìó äîêóìåíòó [10].

1.37. Ïîëîæåíèå - ëîãè÷åñêàÿ åäèíèöà ñîäåðæàíèÿ íîðìàòèâíîãî äîêóìåíòà, êîòîðàÿ èìååò ôîðìó ñîîáùåíèÿ, èíñòðóêöèè, ðåêîìåíäàöèè èëè òðåáîâàíèÿ [10].

1.38. Èíñòðóêöèÿ (Instruction) - ïîëîæåíèå, îïèñûâàþùåå äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå äîëæíî áûòü âûïîëíåíî [10].

1.39. Ðåêîìåíäàöèÿ (Recommendation) - ïîëîæåíèå, ñîäåðæàùåå ñîâåò [10].

1.40. Òðåáîâàíèå - ïîëîæåíèå, ñîäåðæàùåå êðèòåðèè, êîòîðûå äîëæíû áûòü ñîáëþäåíû [10].

1.41. Ìåòîäè÷åñêîå ïîëîæåíèå - ïîëîæåíèå, óêàçûâàþùåå îäèí èëè íåñêîëüêî ñïîñîáîâ äîñòèæåíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ òðåáîâàíèþ íîðìàòèâíîãî äîêóìåíòà [10].

1.42. Ðåãëàìåíò - äîêóìåíò, êîòîðûé ïðèíÿò ìåæäóíàðîäíûì äîãîâîðîì Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, ðàòèôèöèðîâàííûì â ïîðÿäêå, óñòàíîâëåííîì çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîì Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, èëè ôåäåðàëüíûì çàêîíîì, èëè óêàçîì Ïðåçèäåíòà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, èëè ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè è óñòàíàâëèâàåò îáÿçàòåëüíûå äëÿ ïðèìåíåíèÿ è èñïîëíåíèÿ òðåáîâàíèÿ ê îáúåêòàì òåõíè÷åñêîãî ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ (ïðîäóêöèè, â òîì ÷èñëå çäàíèÿì, ñòðîåíèÿì è ñîîðóæåíèÿì, ïðîöåññàì ïðîèçâîäñòâà, ýêñïëóàòàöèè, õðàíåíèÿ, ïåðåâîçêè, ðåàëèçàöèè è óòèëèçàöèè) [15].

1.43. Òåõíè÷åñêèé ðåãëàìåíò (Technical rules) - ðåãëàìåíò, ñîäåðæàùèé òåõíè÷åñêèå òðåáîâàíèÿ ëèáî íåïîñðåäñòâåííî, ëèáî ïóòåì ññûëêè íà ñòàíäàðò, òåõíè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ èëè êîäåêñ óñòàíîâèâøåéñÿ ïðàêòèêè, ëèáî ïóòåì âêëþ÷åíèÿ â ñåáÿ ñîäåðæàíèÿ ýòèõ äîêóìåíòîâ [10].

1.44. Êîäåêñ óñòàíîâèâøåéñÿ ïðàêòèêè - äîêóìåíò, ðåêîìåíäóþùèé ïðàêòè÷åñêèå ïðàâèëà èëè ïðîöåäóðû ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ, èçãîòîâëåíèÿ, ìîíòàæà, òåõíè÷åñêîãî îáñëóæèâàíèÿ èëè ýêñïëóàòàöèè îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, êîíñòðóêöèé èëè èçäåëèé [10].

1.45. Ïðàâèëà ïî ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè [ìåòðîëîãèè, ñåðòèôèêàöèè, àêêðåäèòàöèè] - íîðìàòèâíûé äîêóìåíò, óñòàíàâëèâàþùèé îáÿçàòåëüíûå äëÿ ïðèìåíåíèÿ îðãàíèçàöèîííî-òåõíè÷åñêèå è (èëè) îáùåòåõíè÷åñêèå ïîëîæåíèÿ, ïîðÿäêè, ìåòîäû âûïîëíåíèÿ ðàáîò ïî ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè [ìåòðîëîãèè, ñåðòèôèêàöèè, àêêðåäèòàöèè], à òàêæå ðåêîìåíäóåìûå ïðàâèëà îôîðìëåíèÿ ðåçóëüòàòîâ ýòèõ ðàáîò [10].

1.46. Ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè [ìåòðîëîãèè, ñåðòèôèêàöèè, àêêðåäèòàöèè] - íîðìàòèâíûé äîêóìåíò, ñîäåðæàùèé äîáðîâîëüíûå äëÿ ïðèìåíåíèÿ îðãàíèçàöèîííî-òåõíè÷åñêèå è (èëè) îáùåòåõíè÷åñêèå ïîëîæåíèÿ, ïîðÿäêè, ìåòîäû âûïîëíåíèÿ ðàáîò ïî ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè [ìåòðîëîãèè, ñåðòèôèêàöèè, àêêðåäèòàöèè], à òàêæå ðåêîìåíäóåìûå ïðàâèëà îôîðìëåíèÿ ðåçóëüòàòîâ ýòèõ ðàáîò [10].

1.47. Ñðîê äåéñòâèÿ íîðìàòèâíîãî äîêóìåíòà - èíòåðâàë âðåìåíè, â òå÷åíèå êîòîðîãî äåéñòâóåò íîðìàòèâíûé äîêóìåíò, íà÷èíàÿ îò äàòû ââåäåíèÿ åãî â äåéñòâèå â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ðåøåíèåì îòâåòñòâåííîãî çà ýòî îðãàíà äî ìîìåíòà åãî îòìåíû èëè çàìåíû [10].

Ñìåæíûå âèäû äåÿòåëüíîñòè

1.48. Òåõíè÷åñêàÿ äèàãíîñòèêà (Technical diagnostics) - îáëàñòü çíàíèé, îõâàòûâàþùàÿ òåîðèþ, ìåòîäû è ñðåäñòâà îïðåäåëåíèÿ òåõíè÷åñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ îáúåêòîâ [11].

1.49. Òåõíè÷åñêîå äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèå (Technical diagnosis) - îïðåäåëåíèå òåõíè÷åñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ îáúåêòà [11].

1.50. Äèàãíîñòè÷åñêèé (êîíòðîëèðóåìûé) ïàðàìåòð (Test parameter) - ïàðàìåòð îáúåêòà, èñïîëüçóåìûé ïðè åãî äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèè (êîíòðîëå) [11].

1.51. Òåõíè÷åñêîå ñîñòîÿíèå îáúåêòà (Technical condition of an object) - ñîñòîÿíèå, êîòîðîå õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ â îïðåäåëåííûé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè, ïðè îïðåäåëåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ âíåøíåé ñðåäû çíà÷åíèÿìè ïàðàìåòðîâ, óñòàíîâëåííûõ òåõíè÷åñêîé äîêóìåíòàöèåé íà îáúåêò [11].

1.52. Êîíòðîëü òåõíè÷åñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ (Testing condition, inspection) - ïðîâåðêà ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ çíà÷åíèé ïàðàìåòðîâ îáúåêòà òðåáîâàíèÿì òåõíè÷åñêîé äîêóìåíòàöèè è îïðåäåëåíèå íà ýòîé îñíîâå îäíîãî èç çàäàííûõ âèäîâ òåõíè÷åñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ â äàííûé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè [11].

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Âèäàìè òåõíè÷åñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ÿâëÿþòñÿ, íàïðèìåð, èñïðàâíîå, ðàáîòîñïîñîáíîå, íåèñïðàâíîå, íåðàáîòîñïîñîáíîå è ò.ï. â çàâèñèìîñòè îò çíà÷åíèé ïàðàìåòðîâ â äàííûé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè [11].

1.53. Ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå òåõíè÷åñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ (Technical condition prediction) - îïðåäåëåíèå òåõíè÷åñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ îáúåêòà ñ çàäàííîé âåðîÿòíîñòüþ íà ïðåäñòîÿùèé èíòåðâàë âðåìåíè [11].

1.54. Èçìåðåíèå (Measurement) - íàõîæäåíèå çíà÷åíèÿ ôèçè÷åñêîé âåëè÷èíû îïûòíûì ïóòåì ñ ïîìîùüþ ñïåöèàëüíûõ òåõíè÷åñêèõ ñðåäñòâ [12].

1.55. Ñðåäñòâî èçìåðåíèé (Measuring equipment) - òåõíè÷åñêîå óñòðîéñòâî, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîå äëÿ èçìåðåíèé [13].

1.56. Êàëèáðîâêà ñðåäñòâ èçìåðåíèé (Calibration) - ñîâîêóïíîñòü îïåðàöèé, âûïîëíÿåìûõ â öåëÿõ îïðåäåëåíèÿ è ïîäòâåðæäåíèÿ äåéñòâèòåëüíûõ çíà÷åíèé ìåòðîëîãè÷åñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê è (èëè) ïðèãîäíîñòè ê ïðèìåíåíèþ ñðåäñòâ èçìåðåíèé, íå ïîäëåæàùèõ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîìó ìåòðîëîãè÷åñêîìó êîíòðîëþ è íàäçîðó [13].

1.57. Ïîâåðêà ñðåäñòâ èçìåðåíèé (Government inspection) - ñîâîêóïíîñòü îïåðàöèé, âûïîëíÿåìûõ îðãàíîì ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ìåòðîëîãè÷åñêîé ñëóæáû èëè äðóãèìè óïîëíîìî÷åííûìè íà òî îðãàíàìè (îðãàíèçàöèÿìè), ñ öåëüþ îïðåäåëåíèÿ è ïîäòâåðæäåíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ ñðåäñòâ èçìåðåíèé óñòàíîâëåííûì òåõíè÷åñêèì òðåáîâàíèÿì [13].

1.58. Èñïûòàíèå (Test) - ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîå îïðåäåëåíèå êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ è (èëè) êà÷åñòâåííûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ñâîéñòâ îáúåêòà èñïûòàíèé êàê ðåçóëüòàòà âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà íåãî ïðè åãî ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèè, ïðè ìîäåëèðîâàíèè îáúåêòà è (èëè) âîçäåéñòâèé [10].

1.59. Ïðîãðàììà èñïûòàíèé (Test program) - îðãàíèçàöèîííî-ìåòîäè÷åñêèé äîêóìåíò, óñòàíàâëèâàþùèé îáúåêò è öåëè èñïûòàíèé, âèäû, ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü è îáúåì ïðîâîäèìûõ ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ, ïîðÿäîê, óñëîâèÿ, ìåñòî è ñðîêè ïðîâåäåíèÿ èñïûòàíèé, îáåñïå÷åíèå è îò÷åòíîñòü ïî íèì, îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà îáåñïå÷åíèå è ïðîâåäåíèå èñïûòàíèé [14]*.

Àëôàâèòíûé ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ ðàçäåëà 1

Àâàðèÿ (Accident)                                                                                                           1.15

Áåçîïàñíîñòü ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ (Safety of an industrial equipment)  1.2

Áåçîïàñíîñòü òðóäà (Safety of a transactions)                                                                  1.1

Ãàðìîíèçèðîâàííûå ñòàíäàðòû (Harmonized standards)                                            1.33

Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ñòàíäàðò Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè

(State standard of Russian Federation)                                                                             1.29

Äèàãíîñòè÷åñêèé (êîíòðîëèðóåìûé) ïàðàìåòð (Test parameter)                              1.50

Èäåíòè÷íûå ñòàíäàðòû (Identical standards)                                                                1.35

Èçìåðåíèå (Measurement)                                                                                              1.54

Èíñòðóêöèÿ (Instruction)                                                                                                 1.38

Èíöèäåíò (Incident)                                                                                                        1.16

Èñïûòàíèå (Test)                                                                                                            1.58

Êàëèáðîâêà ñðåäñòâ èçìåðåíèé (Calibration)                                                              1.56

Êà÷åñòâî (Quality)                                                                                                             1.9

Êîäåêñ óñòàíîâèâøåéñÿ ïðàêòèêè                                                                                1.44

Êîíòðîëü òåõíè÷åñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ (Testing condition, inspection)                             1.52

Êðèòåðèé îòêàçà (Failure criterion)                                                                               1.20

Êðèòåðèé ïðåäåëüíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ (Criterion of a limiting condition)                          1.22

Ìåæãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ñòàíäàðò (International standard)                                              1.30

Ìåòîäè÷åñêîå ïîëîæåíèå                                                                                             1.41

Íàöèîíàëüíûé ñòàíäàðò (National standard)                                                                1.28

Íåøòàòíàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ (Unnominal situation)                                                                   1.17

Íîðìàòèâíûå ïîêàçàòåëè êà÷åñòâà (ÍÏÊ) (Normative parameters of quality)           1.10

Íîðìàòèâíûé òåõíè÷åñêèé äîêóìåíò (Technical standard)                                        1.25

Îáúåêòû ýêñïåðòèçû (Objects of expertise)                                                                    1.6

Îñòàòî÷íûé ðåñóðñ (Residual life)                                                                                1.24

Îòêàç (Failure)                                                                                                                1.18

Ïîâåðêà ñðåäñòâ èçìåðåíèé (Government inspection)                                                  1.57

Ïîëîæåíèå                                                                                                                      1.37

Ïðàâèëà ïî ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè [ìåòðîëîãèè, ñåðòèôèêàöèè, àêêðåäèòàöèè]             1.45

Ïðåäåëüíîå ñîñòîÿíèå (Limiting condition)                                                                  1.21

Ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå òåõíè÷åñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ (Technical condition prediction)             1.53

Ïðîãðàììà èñïûòàíèé (Test program)                                                                          1.59

Ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûé ïðîöåññ (Production)                                                                     1.12

Ïðîìûøëåííàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü îïàñíûõ ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ îáúåêòîâ

(Industrial safety of hazardous production facilities)                                                          1.4

Ïðîìûøëåííàÿ êàòàñòðîôà (Industrial catastrophe)                                                     1.14

Ðàáîòîñïîñîáíîå ñîñòîÿíèå (Up state)                                                                         1.13

Ðåãëàìåíò                                                                                                                        1.42

Ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè [ìåòðîëîãèè, ñåðòèôèêàöèè, àêêðåäèòàöèè]  1.46

Ðåêîìåíäàöèÿ (Recommendation)                                                                                  1.39

Ñáîé (Refusal)                                                                                                                 1.19

Ñåðòèôèêàò ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ (Certificate of conformance)                                               1.36

Ñðåäñòâî èçìåðåíèé (Measuring equipment)                                                                 1.55

Ñðîê äåéñòâèÿ íîðìàòèâíîãî äîêóìåíòà                                                                    1.47

Ñðîê ñëóæáû (Lifetime)                                                                                                  1.23

Ñòàíäàðò (Standard)                                                                                                        1.27

Ñòàíäàðò îòðàñëè (Branch standard)                                                                              1.31

Ñòàíäàðò ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ (Standard of the enterprise)                                                      1.32

Òåõíèêà áåçîïàñíîñòè (Safety precautions)                                                                    1.3

Òåõíè÷åñêàÿ äèàãíîñòèêà (Technical diagnostics)                                                       1.48

Òåõíè÷åñêèé ðåãëàìåíò (Technical rules)                                                                    1.43

Òåõíè÷åñêîå äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèå (Technical diagnosis)                                                1.49

Òåõíè÷åñêîå ñîñòîÿíèå îáúåêòà (Technical condition of an object)                            1.51

Òåõíè÷åñêîå óñëîâèå (Specification)                                                                             1.26

Òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèé ïðîöåññ (Technological process)                                                     1.11

Òðåáîâàíèå                                                                                                                      1.40

Óíèôèöèðîâàííûå ñòàíäàðòû (Unified standards)                                                      1.34

Ýêñïåðò (Expert)                                                                                                               1.8

Ýêñïåðòèçà ïðîìûøëåííîé áåçîïàñíîñòè (Industrial safety expertise)                        1.5

Ýêñïåðòíàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ (Expert organisation)                                                               1.7

Èñòî÷íèêè òåðìèíîâ è îïðåäåëåíèé ðàçäåëà 1

1. ÃÎÑÒ 12.0.002-80. Ñèñòåìà ñòàíäàðòîâ áåçîïàñíîñòè òðóäà. Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ.

2. Ôåäåðàëüíûé çàêîí «Î ïðîìûøëåííîé áåçîïàñíîñòè îïàñíûõ ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ îáúåêòîâ» îò 21.07.97 ¹ 116-ÔÇ.

3. Ïðàâèëà ïðîâåäåíèÿ ýêñïåðòèçû ïðîìûøëåííîé áåçîïàñíîñòè (ÏÁ 03-246-98), óòâåðæäåíû ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ãîñãîðòåõíàäçîðîì Ðîññèè îò 06.11.98 ¹ 64.

4. ÈÑÎ 8402. Óïðàâëåíèå êà÷åñòâîì è îáåñïå÷åíèå êà÷åñòâà: Ñëîâàðü. ISO 8402:1994 (E/F/R).

5. ÃÎÑÒ 3.1109-82 ÅÑÒÄ. Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ. Îñíîâíûå ïîíÿòèÿ.

6. ÃÎÑÒ 14.004-83. Òåõíîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ïîäãîòîâêà ïðîèçâîäñòâà. Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ îñíîâíûõ ïîíÿòèé.

7. ÃÎÑÒ 27.002-89. Íàäåæíîñòü â òåõíèêå. Îñíîâíûå ïîíÿòèÿ. Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ.

8. ÃÎÑÒ Ð 22.0.05 Á×Ñ. Òèïè÷íûå ÷ðåçâû÷àéíûå ñèòóàöèè. Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ.

9. Îáùèå ïðàâèëà âçðûâîáåçîïàñíîñòè äëÿ âçðûâîïîæàðîîïàñíûõ õèìè÷åñêèõ, íåôòåõèìè÷åñêèõ è íåôòåïåðåðàáàòûâàþùèõ ïðîèçâîäñòâ (ÏÁ 09-170-97), óòâåðæäåíû ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ãîñãîðòåõíàäçîðà Ðîññèè 22.12.97 ¹ 52.

10. ÃÎÑÒ Ð 1.12-99. Ñòàíäàðòèçàöèÿ è ñìåæíûå âèäû äåÿòåëüíîñòè. Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ.

11. ÃÎÑÒ 20911-89. Òåõíè÷åñêàÿ äèàãíîñòèêà. Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ.

12. ÃÎÑÒ 16263-70. Ìåòðîëîãèÿ. Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ.

13. Ôåäåðàëüíûé çàêîí «Îá îáåñïå÷åíèè åäèíñòâà èçìåðåíèé» îò 27.04.93 ¹ 4871-1.

14. ÃÎÑÒ 16504-81. Ñèñòåìà ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ èñïûòàíèé ïðîäóêöèè. Èñïûòàíèÿ è êîíòðîëü êà÷åñòâà ïðîäóêöèè. Îñíîâíûå òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ.

15. Ôåäåðàëüíûé çàêîí «Î òåõíè÷åñêîì ðåãóëèðîâàíèè» îò 27.12.02 ¹ 184-ÔÇ (Ñîáðàíèå çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè. ¹ 52. ×. 1. Ñò. 5140).

2. ÎÁÙÈÅ ÒÅÐÌÈÍÛ ÏÎ ÍÅÐÀÇÐÓØÀÞÙÅÌÓ ÊÎÍÒÐÎËÞ

2.1. Íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (NDT) - êîíòðîëü, ïðè êîòîðîì íå äîëæíà áûòü íàðóøåíà ïðèãîäíîñòü òåõíè÷åñêèõ óñòðîéñòâ, çäàíèé è ñîîðóæåíèé ê ïðèìåíåíèþ è ýêñïëóàòàöèè [1].

2.2. Ñèñòåìà íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (NDT system) - ñîâîêóïíîñòü ó÷àñòíèêîâ, êîòîðûå â ðàìêàõ ðåãëàìåíòèðóþùèõ íîðì, ïðàâèë, ìåòîäèê, óñëîâèé, êðèòåðèåâ è ïðîöåäóð îñóùåñòâëÿþò äåÿòåëüíîñòü â îáëàñòè îäíîãî èç âèäîâ ýêñïåðòèçû ïðîìûøëåííîé áåçîïàñíîñòè, ñâÿçàííîé ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì ÍÊ [2].

2.3. Ðåçóëüòàò íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (Outcome of NDT) - óñòàíîâëåííàÿ îöåíêà ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ ïðåäúÿâëÿåìûì åìó òåõíè÷åñêèì òðåáîâàíèÿì, ïîíèìàåìàÿ êàê ðåçóëüòàò ñîïîñòàâëåíèÿ îêîí÷àòåëüíîé èíôîðìàöèè îá îáúåêòå êîíòðîëÿ ñ òðåáîâàíèÿìè íîðìàòèâíûõ òåõíè÷åñêèõ äîêóìåíòîâ.

2.4. Îáúåêò íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (Object of NDT) - òåõíè÷åñêîå óñòðîéñòâî, çäàíèå èëè ñîîðóæåíèå, ïîäâåðãàåìîå íåðàçðóøàþùåìó êîíòðîëþ.

2.5. Îáúåì íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (Amount of NDT) - õàðàêòåðèñòèêà íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ, îïðåäåëÿåìàÿ êîëè÷åñòâîì (â òîì ÷èñëå è â ðàçìåðíûõ åäèíèöàõ: äëèíîé, ïëîùàäüþ, îáúåìîì) îáúåêòîâ è ïðèìåíÿåìûõ âèäîâ (ìåòîäîâ) êîíòðîëÿ.

2.6. Ìåòîä íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (NDT method) - ìåòîä êîíòðîëÿ, ïðè êîòîðîì íå äîëæíà áûòü íàðóøåíà ïðèãîäíîñòü îáúåêòà ê ïðèìåíåíèþ, îñíîâàííûé íà òîì èëè èíîì ôèçè÷åñêîì ÿâëåíèè [3, 5]*.

2.7. Âèä íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (Kind of NDT) - óñëîâíàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà ìåòîäîâ íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ, îáúåäèíåííàÿ îáùíîñòüþ ôèçè÷åñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê [3].

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Âèäû íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ êëàññèôèöèðóþòñÿ ïî ñëåäóþùèì êëàññèôèêàöèîííûì ïðèçíàêàì:

à) ïî õàðàêòåðó ôèçè÷åñêèõ ïîëåé èëè èçëó÷åíèé, âçàèìîäåéñòâóþùèõ ñ êîíòðîëèðóåìûì îáúåêòîì;

á) ïî õàðàêòåðó âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ôèçè÷åñêèõ ïîëåé èëè âåùåñòâ ñ êîíòðîëèðóåìûì îáúåêòîì;

â) ïî ïåðâè÷íûì èíôîðìàòèâíûì ïàðàìåòðàì;

ã) ïî ñïîñîáàì èíäèêàöèè ïåðâè÷íîé èíôîðìàöèè;

ä) ïî ñïîñîáó ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ îêîí÷àòåëüíîé èíôîðìàöèè.

2.8. Êîíòðîëåïðèãîäíîñòü (Suitability to testing) - ñâîéñòâî îáúåêòà ÍÊ, îáåñïå÷èâàþùåå âîçìîæíîñòü, óäîáñòâî è íàäåæíîñòü åãî êîíòðîëÿ íà âñåõ ñòàäèÿõ æèçíåííîãî öèêëà [4]*.

2.9. Ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (NDT during manufacturing) - êîíòðîëü, îñóùåñòâëÿåìûé íà ñòàäèè èçãîòîâëåíèÿ îáúåêòà [5]*.

2.10. Ýêñïëóàòàöèîííûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (In service NDT) - êîíòðîëü, îñóùåñòâëÿåìûé íà ñòàäèè ýêñïëóàòàöèè îáúåêòà [5]*.

2.11. Âõîäíîé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (NDT on an input) - êîíòðîëü îáúåêòà, ïîñòóïèâøåãî ê ïîòðåáèòåëþ èëè çàêàç÷èêó [5]*.

2.12. Îïåðàöèîííûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (NDT on operations) - êîíòðîëü îáúåêòà âî âðåìÿ âûïîëíåíèÿ èëè ïîñëå çàâåðøåíèÿ òåõíîëîãè÷åñêîé îïåðàöèè [5]*.

2.13. Ïðèåìî÷íûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (Acceptance NDT) - êîíòðîëü îáúåêòà, ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì êîòîðîãî ïðèíèìàåòñÿ ðåøåíèå î åãî ïðèãîäíîñòè ê ïîñòàâêå è (èëè) èñïîëüçîâàíèþ [5]*.

2.14. Ñïëîøíîé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (Full volume NDT) - êîíòðîëü êàæäîé åäèíèöû ïðîäóêöèè â ïàðòèè [5]*.

2.15. Âûáîðî÷íûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (Selective NDT) - êîíòðîëü, ïðè êîòîðîì ðåøåíèå î êîíòðîëèðóåìîé ñîâîêóïíîñòè îáúåêòîâ èëè ïðîöåññå ïðèíèìàþò ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ïðîâåðêè îäíîé èëè íåñêîëüêèõ âûáîðîê [6]*.

2.16. Èçìåðèòåëüíûé êîíòðîëü (Measuring NDT) - êîíòðîëü, îñóùåñòâëÿåìûé ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì ñðåäñòâ èçìåðåíèé [5]*.

2.17. Ñðåäñòâî íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (Equipment of NDT and technical diagnostics) - òåõíè÷åñêîå óñòðîéñòâî, âåùåñòâî, ìàòåðèàë, ïðîãðàììíûé ïðîäóêò, èñïîëüçóåìûå äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ è îáðàáîòêè èíôîðìàöèè îá îáúåêòå äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ ÍÊ.

2.18. Ìåòîäè÷åñêèé äîêóìåíò ïî íåðàçðóøàþùåìó êîíòðîëþ (Test procedure) - îðãàíèçàöèîííî-ìåòîäè÷åñêèé äîêóìåíò, âêëþ÷àþùèé îáúåêòû êîíòðîëÿ, âèä êîíòðîëÿ, ìåòîä êîíòðîëÿ, ñðåäñòâà è óñëîâèÿ êîíòðîëÿ, àëãîðèòìû âûïîëíåíèÿ îïåðàöèé ïî îïðåäåëåíèþ îäíîé èëè íåñêîëüêèõ âçàèìîñâÿçàííûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ñâîéñòâ îáúåêòà, ôîðìû ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ äàííûõ è îöåíèâàíèÿ òî÷íîñòè, äîñòîâåðíîñòè ðåçóëüòàòîâ, òðåáîâàíèé òåõíèêè áåçîïàñíîñòè è îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû [5]*.

2.19. Òåõíîëîãè÷åñêàÿ èíñòðóêöèÿ ïî íåðàçðóøàþùåìó êîíòðîëþ (Technological procedure of NDT) - äîêóìåíò, îðèåíòèðîâàííûé íà ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ êîíêðåòíîãî îáúåêòà ñ óêàçàíèåì îïåðàöèé êîíòðîëÿ è èõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

2.20. Òåõíîëîãè÷åñêàÿ êàðòà íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (Technological flow chart of NDT) - äîêóìåíò â âèäå êàðòû (òàáëèöû), ñîäåðæàùèé îñíîâíûå äàííûå òåõíîëîãè÷åñêîé èíñòðóêöèè.

2.21. Çàêëþ÷åíèå ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ÍÊ (NDT conclusion) - äîêóìåíò, ñîñòàâëåííûé ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ÍÊ, ñîäåðæàùèé èíôîðìàöèþ î âûïîëíåííîì êîíòðîëå è åãî ðåçóëüòàòàõ.

2.22. Îñíîâíûå ïàðàìåòðû íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (Main parameters of NDT) - ñîâîêóïíîñòü ïàðàìåòðîâ íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ âûïîëíåíèå óñòàíîâëåííûõ íîðìàòèâíîé òåõíè÷åñêîé äîêóìåíòàöèåé òðåáîâàíèé ïî îáíàðóæåíèþ äåôåêòîâ, èçìåðåíèþ ïàðàìåòðîâ äåôåêòîâ è îöåíêå âëèÿíèÿ äåôåêòîâ íà îáúåêò.

2.23. Äîñòîâåðíîñòü íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (Reliability of NDT) - ïîêàçàòåëü íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (êîëè÷åñòâåííûé èëè êà÷åñòâåííûé), ñâÿçàííûé ñ âåðîÿòíîñòÿìè ïðèíÿòèÿ áåçîøèáî÷íûõ ðåøåíèé î íàëè÷èè èëè îòñóòñòâèè äåôåêòîâ.

2.24. Äåôåêòîìåòðèÿ (Sizing) - èçìåðåíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ äåôåêòîâ.

2.25. Ðåàëüíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü (Real sensitivity) - íàèìåíüøèå ðàçìåðû ðåàëüíîãî äåôåêòà, îáíàðóæèâàåìîãî â îáúåêòå êîíòðîëÿ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ðåàëüíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ íà îñíîâàíèè ñðàâíåíèÿ ðåçóëüòàòîâ ÍÊ è âñêðûòèÿ ðåàëüíûõ îáúåêòîâ êîíòðîëÿ.

2.26. Ïåðåáðàêîâêà (Over reject) - ðåçóëüòàò êîíòðîëÿ, ïðè êîòîðîì ãîäíûé îáúåêò êîíòðîëÿ ïðèçíàåòñÿ áðàêîì.

2.27. Íåäîáðàêîâêà (Missing) - ðåçóëüòàò êîíòðîëÿ, ïðè êîòîðîì áðàêîâàííûé îáúåêò ïðèçíàåòñÿ ãîäíûì.

2.28. Îñíîâíûå ïàðàìåòðû êîíòðîëÿ (Main testing parameters) - ñîâîêóïíîñòü ïàðàìåòðîâ êîíòðîëÿ, îáóñëîâëèâàþùèõ åãî äîñòîâåðíîñòü.

2.29. Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå ðàçðåøåíèå (Spatial resolution) - ñïîñîáíîñòü íàäåæíî ðàçëè÷àòü áëèçêî ðàñïîëîæåííûå äåôåêòû [4]*.

2.30. Îòíîøåíèå ñèãíàë / øóì (Signal to noise ratio) - îòíîøåíèå àìïëèòóäû (èëè ýíåðãèè) ñèãíàëà, ñîçäàâàåìîãî äåôåêòîì â ìàòåðèàëå, ê ñðåäíåêâàäðàòè÷åñêîìó çíà÷åíèþ ñèãíàëà (èëè ýíåðãèè) øóìà [4]*.

2.31. Ëàáîðàòîðèÿ ÍÊ (NOT firm) - îðãàíèçàöèÿ (ïðåäïðèÿòèå), îäíèì èç âèäîâ äåÿòåëüíîñòè êîòîðîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñóùåñòâëåíèå ÍÊ, èëè ïîäðàçäåëåíèå îðãàíèçàöèè (ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ), ïðèìåíÿþùåå ÍÊ òåõíè÷åñêèõ óñòðîéñòâ, çäàíèé è ñîîðóæåíèé äëÿ ñîáñòâåííûõ íóæä [1].

2.32. Ñïåöèàëèñò â îáëàñòè íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (NDT employee) - ñïåöèàëèñò (ñîòðóäíèê), äîïóùåííûé ê âûïîëíåíèþ íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ òåõíè÷åñêèõ óñòðîéñòâ, çäàíèé è ñîîðóæåíèé íà îïàñíûõ ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ îáúåêòàõ.

2.33. Íåçàâèñèìûé îðãàí ïî àòòåñòàöèè (Independent agency) - îðãàíèçàöèÿ, óïîëíîìî÷åííàÿ â ðàìêàõ Ñèñòåìû ýêñïåðòèçû ïðîìûøëåííîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ïðîâîäèòü àòòåñòàöèþ ïåðñîíàëà, ëàáîðàòîðèé, ñðåäñòâ â îáëàñòè ÍÊ.

2.34. Àòòåñòàöèÿ ïåðñîíàëà (Personnel certification) - ïðîöåññ ïîäòâåðæäåíèÿ Íåçàâèñèìûì îðãàíîì êâàëèôèêàöèè è ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ êîìïåòåíòíîñòè êàíäèäàòà òðåáîâàíèÿì Ïðàâèë àòòåñòàöèè ïåðñîíàëà â îáëàñòè íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (ÏÁ 03-440-02) ïî êàêîìó-ëèáî âèäó (ìåòîäó) íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé îáëàñòè àòòåñòàöèè [7].

2.35. Êâàëèôèêàöèÿ (Qualification) - ñîîòâåòñòâèå îïðåäåëåííûì òðåáîâàíèÿì, òàêèì, êàê îáðàçîâàíèå, ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûå çíàíèÿ, íàâûêè è îïûò, êîòîðûå äàþò âîçìîæíîñòü ñïåöèàëèñòó ïðîôåññèîíàëüíî âûïîëíÿòü íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü [7].

2.36. Êâàëèôèêàöèîííîå óäîñòîâåðåíèå (Qualifying certificate) - äîêóìåíò, âûäàâàåìûé Íåçàâèñèìûì îðãàíîì, óäîñòîâåðÿþùèé, ÷òî ñïåöèàëèñò êîìïåòåíòåí â îñóùåñòâëåíèè íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ îäíèì èëè íåñêîëüêèìè âèäàìè (ìåòîäàìè) íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ â îïðåäåëåííîé îáëàñòè àòòåñòàöèè â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïðèñâîåííûì óðîâíåì êâàëèôèêàöèè [7].

Äåôåêòû

Îáùàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà äåôåêòîâ

2.37. Äåôåêò (Defect) - êàæäîå îòäåëüíîå íåñîîòâåòñòâèå ïðîäóêöèè òðåáîâàíèÿì, óñòàíîâëåííûì íîðìàòèâíîé äîêóìåíòàöèåé [4].

2.38. Áðàê (Rejected part) - îáúåêò êîíòðîëÿ, ñîäåðæàùèé íåäîïóñòèìûé äåôåêò.

2.39. Íåäîïóñòèìûé äåôåêò (Rejected defect) - äåôåêò, íå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé òðåáîâàíèÿì, óñòàíîâëåííûì íîðìàòèâíîé äîêóìåíòàöèåé.

2.40. Äåôåêòíûé îáúåêò (Defective item) - èçäåëèå, èìåþùåå õîòÿ áû îäèí äåôåêò [8]*.

2.41. ßâíûé äåôåêò (Obvious defect) - äåôåêò, äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ êîòîðîãî â íîðìàòèâíîé äîêóìåíòàöèè, îáÿçàòåëüíîé äëÿ äàííîãî âèäà êîíòðîëÿ, ïðåäóñìîòðåíû ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ïðàâèëà, ìåòîäû è ñðåäñòâà [8].

2.42. Ñêðûòûé äåôåêò (Latent defect) - äåôåêò, äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ êîòîðîãî â íîðìàòèâíîé äîêóìåíòàöèè, îáÿçàòåëüíîé äëÿ äàííîãî âèäà êîíòðîëÿ, íå ïðåäóñìîòðåíû ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ïðàâèëà, ìåòîäû è ñðåäñòâà [4].

2.43. Êðèòè÷åñêèé äåôåêò (Critical defect) - äåôåêò, ïðè íàëè÷èè êîòîðîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðîäóêöèè ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåâîçìîæíî èëè íåäîïóñòèìî [8].

2.44. Çíà÷èòåëüíûé äåôåêò (Significant defect) - äåôåêò, êîòîðûé ñóùåñòâåííî âëèÿåò íà èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðîäóêöèè ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ è (èëè) íà åå äîëãîâå÷íîñòü, íî íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ êðèòè÷åñêèì [8].

2.45. Ìàëîçíà÷èòåëüíûé äåôåêò (Insignificant defect) - äåôåêò, êîòîðûé ñóùåñòâåííî íå âëèÿåò íà èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðîäóêöèè ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ è åå äîëãîâå÷íîñòü [8].

2.46. Óñòðàíèìûé äåôåêò (Corrected defect) - äåôåêò, óñòðàíåíèå êîòîðîãî òåõíè÷åñêè âîçìîæíî è ýêîíîìè÷åñêè öåëåñîîáðàçíî [8].

2.47. Íåóñòðàíèìûé äåôåêò (Incorrigible defect) - äåôåêò, óñòðàíåíèå êîòîðîãî òåõíè÷åñêè íåâîçìîæíî èëè ýêîíîìè÷åñêè íåöåëåñîîáðàçíî [8].

2.48. Èíäèêàöèÿ äåôåêòà (Defect indication) - èçîáðàæåíèå èëè ñèãíàë îò äåôåêòà â ôîðìå, òèïè÷íîé äëÿ èñïîëüçóåìîãî âèäà (ìåòîäà) ÍÊ [4]*.

2.49. Îáíàðóæåíèå äåôåêòà (Defect detection) - îïðåäåëåíèå íàëè÷èÿ äåôåêòà [4]*.

2.50. Îöåíêà äåôåêòà (Defect evaluation) - îöåíêà ïàðàìåòðîâ äåôåêòà, âûÿâëåííîãî ÍÊ, â ñðàâíåíèè ñ óñòàíîâëåííûì óðîâíåì [4]*.

2.51. Ëîæíàÿ èíäèêàöèÿ (False indication) - èíäèêàöèÿ, íå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ ðåàëüíîìó äåôåêòó [4]*.

2.52. Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ (Recording) - çàïèñü ðåçóëüòàòîâ êîíòðîëÿ â ôîðìå, ïðèãîäíîé äëÿ îáðàáîòêè è õðàíåíèÿ [4]*.

2.53. Íåñïëîøíîñòü (Discontinuity) - íàðóøåíèå îäíîðîäíîñòè ìàòåðèàëà, âûçûâàþùåå ñêà÷êîîáðàçíîå èçìåíåíèå îäíîé èëè íåñêîëüêèõ ôèçè÷åñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê - ïëîòíîñòè, ìàãíèòíîé ïðîíèöàåìîñòè, ñêîðîñòè çâóêà, âîëíîâîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ è ò.ï.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ïðèìåðû íåñïëîøíîñòåé: òðåùèíû, øëàêîâûå âêëþ÷åíèÿ, íåïðîâàðû, ðàêîâèíû è ò.ï.

Ê äåôåêòàì, íå ÿâëÿþùèìñÿ íåñïëîøíîñòÿìè, îòíîñÿòñÿ, íàïðèìåð, îòêëîíåíèÿ ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ ìàòåðèàëîâ îò äîïóñòèìûõ çíà÷åíèé (íàïðèìåð, ïîíèæåííàÿ ïðî÷íîñòü èëè òâåðäîñòü), èçìåíåíèå ðàçìåðîâ è ôîðìû.

Äåôåêòû ñâàðíûõ ñîåäèíåíèé

2.54. Êðàòåð (Crater) - óãëóáëåíèå, îáðàçóþùååñÿ â êîíöå âàëèêà ïîä äåéñòâèåì äàâëåíèÿ äóãè è îáúåìíîé óñàäêè ìåòàëëà øâà [9].

2.55. Òðåùèíà ñâàðíîãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ (Crack) - äåôåêò ñâàðíîãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ â âèäå ðàçðûâà â ñâàðíîì øâå è (èëè) ïðèëåãàþùèõ ê íåìó çîíàõ [9].

2.56. Ðàçâåòâëåííàÿ òðåùèíà ñâàðíîãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ (Branched crack) - òðåùèíà ñâàðíîãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ, èìåþùàÿ îòâåòâëåíèÿ â ðàçëè÷íûõ íàïðàâëåíèÿõ [9].

2.57. Óñàäî÷íàÿ ðàêîâèíà ñâàðíîãî øâà (Shrinkage cavity) - äåôåêò â âèäå ïîëîñòè èëè âïàäèíû, îáðàçîâàííûé ïðè óñàäêå ìåòàëëà øâà â óñëîâèÿõ îòñóòñòâèÿ ïèòàíèÿ æèäêèì ìåòàëëîì [9].

2.58. Âîãíóòîñòü êîðíÿ øâà (Root concavity) - äåôåêò â âèäå óãëóáëåíèÿ íà ïîâåðõíîñòè îáðàòíîé ñòîðîíû ñâàðíîãî îäíîñòîðîííåãî øâà [9].

2.59. Ñâèù â ñâàðíîì øâå (Worm-hole) - äåôåêò â âèäå âîðîíêîîáðàçíîãî óãëóáëåíèÿ â ñâàðíîì øâå [9].

2.60. Ïîðà â ñâàðíîì øâå (Gas pore) - äåôåêò ñâàðíîãî øâà â âèäå ïîëîñòè îêðóãëîé ôîðìû, çàïîëíåííîé ãàçîì [9].

2.61. Öåïî÷êà ïîð â ñâàðíîì øâå (Linear porosity) - ãðóïïà ïîð â ñâàðíîì øâå, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ â ëèíèþ [9].

2.62. Íåïðîâàð (Lack of fusion) - äåôåêò â âèäå íåñïëàâëåíèÿ â ñâàðíîì ñîåäèíåíèè âñëåäñòâèå íåïîëíîãî ðàñïëàâëåíèÿ êðîìîê èëè ïîâåðõíîñòåé ðàíåå âûïîëíåííûõ âàëèêîâ ñâàðíîãî øâà [9].

2.63. Ïðîæîã ñâàðíîãî øâà (Burn-through) - äåôåêò â âèäå ñêâîçíîãî îòâåðñòèÿ â ñâàðíîì øâå, îáðàçîâàâøèéñÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå âûòåêàíèÿ ÷àñòè ìåòàëëà ñâàðî÷íîé âàííû [9].

2.64. Øëàêîâîå âêëþ÷åíèå ñâàðíîãî øâà (Slag inclusion) - äåôåêò â âèäå âêðàïëåíèÿ øëàêà â ñâàðíîì øâå [9].

2.65. Íåìåòàëëè÷åñêîå âêëþ÷åíèå ñâàðíîãî øâà (Non-metal inclusion) - äåôåêò â âèäå íåìåòàëëè÷åñêîé ÷àñòèöû â ìåòàëëå øâà [9].

2.66. Áðûçãè ìåòàëëà (Spatters) - äåôåêò â âèäå çàòâåðäåâøèõ êàïåëü íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ñâàðíîãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ [9].

2.67. Ïîäðåç çîíû ñïëàâëåíèÿ (Undercut) - äåôåêò â âèäå óãëóáëåíèÿ ïî ëèíèè ñïëàâëåíèÿ ñâàðíîãî øâà ñ îñíîâíûì ìåòàëëîì [9].

2.68. Íàïëûâ íà ñâàðíîì ñîåäèíåíèè (Overlap) - äåôåêò â âèäå íàòåêàíèÿ ìåòàëëà øâà íà ïîâåðõíîñòü îñíîâíîãî ìåòàëëà èëè ðàíåå âûïîëíåííîãî âàëèêà áåç ñïëàâëåíèÿ ñ íèì [9].

2.69. Ñìåùåíèå ñâàðåííûõ êðîìîê (Edge displacement) - íåïðàâèëüíîå ïîëîæåíèå ñâàðåííûõ êðîìîê äðóã îòíîñèòåëüíî äðóãà [9].

Äåôåêòû ëèòüÿ

2.70. Ãîðÿ÷àÿ òðåùèíà (Hot crack) - äåôåêò â âèäå ðàçðûâà èëè íàäðûâà òåëà îòëèâêè óñàäî÷íîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ, âîçíèêøåãî â èíòåðâàëå òåìïåðàòóð çàòâåðäåâàíèÿ [10].

2.71. Õîëîäíàÿ òðåùèíà (Cold crack) - äåôåêò â âèäå ðàçðûâà òåëà çàòâåðäåâøåé îòëèâêè âñëåäñòâèå âíóòðåííèõ íàïðÿæåíèé èëè ìåõàíè÷åñêîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ [10].

2.72. Ìåæêðèñòàëëè÷åñêàÿ òðåùèíà (Intergranular crack) - äåôåêò â âèäå ðàçðûâà òåëà îòëèâêè ïðè îõëàæäåíèè îòëèâêè â ôîðìå íà ãðàíèöå ïåðâè÷íûõ çåðåí àóñòåíèòà â òåìïåðàòóðíîì èíòåðâàëå ðàñïàäà [10].

2.73. Ãàçîâàÿ ðàêîâèíà (Blowhole) - äåôåêò â âèäå ïîëîñòè, îáðàçîâàííîé âûäåëèâøèìèñÿ èç ìåòàëëà èëè âíåäðèâøèìèñÿ â ìåòàëë ãàçàìè [10].

2.74. Óñàäî÷íàÿ ðàêîâèíà (Draw, contraction cavity) - äåôåêò â âèäå îòêðûòîé èëè çàêðûòîé ïîëîñòè ñ ãðóáîé øåðîõîâàòîé, èíîãäà îêèñëåííîé ïîâåðõíîñòüþ, îáðàçîâàâøåéñÿ âñëåäñòâèå óñàäêè ïðè çàòâåðäåâàíèè ìåòàëëà [10].

2.75. Ðûõëîòà (Microporosity) - äåôåêò â âèäå ñêîïëåíèÿ ìåëêèõ óñàäî÷íûõ ðàêîâèí [10].

2.76. Îòáåë (Chill hard spots) - äåôåêò â âèäå òâåðäûõ, òðóäíî ïîääàþùèõñÿ ìåõàíè÷åñêîé îáðàáîòêå ìåñò â ðàçëè÷íûõ ÷àñòÿõ îòëèâêè èç ñåðîãî ÷óãóíà, âûçâàííûõ ñêîïëåíèåì ñòðóêòóðíî-ñâîáîäíîãî öåìåíòèòà [10].

2.77. Ïîëîâèí÷àòîñòü (Mottleness) - äåôåêò â âèäå ïðîÿâëåíèÿ ñòðóêòóðû ñåðîãî ÷óãóíà â îòëèâêàõ èç áåëîãî ÷óãóíà [10].

2.78. Ôëîêåí (Flakes) - äåôåêò â âèäå ðàçðûâà òåëà îòëèâêè ïîä âëèÿíèåì ðàñòâîðåííîãî â ñòàëè âîäîðîäà è âíóòðåííèõ íàïðÿæåíèé, ïðîõîäÿùåãî ïîëíîñòüþ èëè ÷àñòè÷íî ÷åðåç îáúåìû ïåðâè÷íûõ çåðåí àóñòåíèòà [10].

Äåôåêòû êîâêè è ïðîêàòà

2.79. Âîëîñîâèíà (Hairline, spill) - äåôåêò ïîâåðõíîñòè â âèäå íèòåâèäíûõ íåðîâíîñòåé â ìåòàëëå, îáðàçîâàâøèõñÿ ïðè äåôîðìàöèè èìåþùèõñÿ â íåì íåìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ âêëþ÷åíèé [11].

2.80. Ðàññëîåíèå (Delamination) - äåôåêò ïîâåðõíîñòè â âèäå òðåùèí íà êðîìêàõ è òîðöàõ ëèñòîâ è äðóãèõ âèäîâ ïðîêàòà, îáðàçîâàâøèõñÿ ïðè íàëè÷èè â ìåòàëëå óñàäî÷íûõ äåôåêòîâ, âíóòðåííèõ ðàçðûâîâ, ïîâûøåííîé çàãðÿçíåííîñòè íåìåòàëëè÷åñêèìè âêëþ÷åíèÿìè è ïðè ïåðåæîãå [11].

2.81. Ñëèòî÷íàÿ ïëåíà (Sliver, rolled scab) - äåôåêò ïîâåðõíîñòè â âèäå îòñëîåíèÿ ÿçûêîîáðàçíîé ôîðìû, ÷àñòè÷íî ñîåäèíåííîãî ñ îñíîâíûì ìåòàëëîì, îáðàçîâàâøåãîñÿ îò ðàñêàòà îêèñëåííûõ áðûçã, çàïëåñêîâ è ãðóáûõ íåðîâíîñòåé ïîâåðõíîñòè ñëèòêà, îáóñëîâëåííûõ äåôåêòàìè âíóòðåííåé ïîâåðõíîñòè èçëîæíèöû [11].

2.82. Ïðîêàòíàÿ ïëåíà (Sliver, rolled skin) - äåôåêò ïîâåðõíîñòè, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèé ñîáîé îòñëîåíèå ìåòàëëà ÿçûêîîáðàçíîé ôîðìû, ñîåäèíåííîå ñ îñíîâíûì ìåòàëëîì îäíîé ñòîðîíîé, îáðàçîâàâøååñÿ âñëåäñòâèå ðàñêàòêè èëè ðàñêîâêè ðâàíèí, ïîäðåçîâ, ñëåäîâ ãëóáîêîé çà÷èñòêè äåôåêòîâ èëè ñèëüíîé âûðàáîòêè âàëêîâ, à òàêæå ãðóáûõ ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ïîâðåæäåíèé [11].

2.83. Óñ (Ridge) - äåôåêò ïîâåðõíîñòè, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèé ñîáîé ïðîäîëüíûé âûñòóï ñ îäíîé èëè äâóõ äèàìåòðàëüíî ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûõ ñòîðîí ïðóòêà, îáðàçîâàâøèéñÿ âñëåäñòâèå íåïðàâèëüíîé ïîäà÷è ìåòàëëà â êàëèáð, ïåðåïîëíåíèÿ êàëèáðà èëè íåïðàâèëüíîé íàñòðîéêè âàëêîâ è ïðèâàëêîâîé àðìàòóðû [11].

2.84. Ïîäðåç - äåôåêò ïîâåðõíîñòè â âèäå óãëóáëåíèÿ, ðàñïîëîæåííîãî ïî âñåé äëèíå èëè íà îòäåëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ïðîêàòà è îáðàçîâàâøèéñÿ âñëåäñòâèå íåïðàâèëüíîé íàñòðîéêè ïðèâàëêîâîé àðìàòóðû èëè îäíîñòîðîííåãî ïåðåêðûòèÿ êàëèáðà [11].

2.85. Çàêàò (Lap) - äåôåêò ïîâåðõíîñòè, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèé ñîáîé ïðèêàòàííûé ïðîäîëüíûé âûñòóï, îáðàçîâàâøèéñÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå çàêàòûâàíèÿ óñà, ïîäðåçà, ãðóáûõ ñëåäîâ çà÷èñòêè è ãðóáûõ ðèñîê [11].

2.86. Çàêîâ (Forging fold) - äåôåêò ïîâåðõíîñòè, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèé ñîáîé ïðèäàâëåííûé âûñòóï, îáðàçîâàâøèéñÿ ïðè êîâêå â ðåçóëüòàòå íåðàâíîìåðíîãî îáæàòèÿ [11].

2.87. Ðèñêà (Groove, guide mark) - äåôåêò ïîâåðõíîñòè â âèäå êàíàâêè áåç âûñòóïà êðîìîê ñ çàêðóãëåííûì èëè ïëîñêèì äíîì, îáðàçîâàâøèéñÿ îò öàðàïàíèÿ ïîâåðõíîñòè ìåòàëëà èçíîøåííîé ïðîêàòíîé àðìàòóðîé [11].

Äåôåêòû ìåõàíè÷åñêîé îáðàáîòêè

2.88. Çàóñåíåö (Burr) - äåôåêò ïîâåðõíîñòè, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèé ñîáîé îñòðûé, â âèäå ãðåáíÿ, âûñòóï, îáðàçîâàâøèéñÿ ïðè ðåçêå ìåòàëëà [11].

2.89. Çàçóáðèíû (Hacks) - äåôåêò ïîâåðõíîñòè â âèäå âûñòóïîâ è óãëóáëåíèé íà êðîìêàõ ëèñòà è ëåíòû, îáðàçîâàâøèõñÿ ïðè íàðóøåíèè òåõíîëîãèè ðåçêè èëè íåèñïðàâíîñòè îáîðóäîâàíèÿ [11].

2.90. Øëèôîâî÷íûå òðåùèíû (Grinding cracks) - äåôåêò ïîâåðõíîñòè â âèäå ñåòêè ïàóòèíîîáðàçíûõ èëè îòäåëüíûõ, ïðîèçâîëüíî íàïðàâëåííûõ ïîâåðõíîñòíûõ ðàçðûâîâ, îáðàçîâàâøèõñÿ ïðè øëèôîâàíèè èëè àáðàçèâíîé çà÷èñòêå ìåòàëëà, îáëàäàþùåãî âûñîêîé òâåðäîñòüþ, õðóïêîñòüþ è ìàëîé òåïëîïðîâîäèìîñòüþ [11].

2.91. Âìÿòèíû (Compression marks) - äåôåêò ïîâåðõíîñòè â âèäå ïðîèçâîëüíî ðàñïîëîæåííûõ óãëóáëåíèé ðàçëè÷íîé ôîðìû, îáðàçîâàâøèõñÿ âñëåäñòâèå ïîâðåæäåíèé è óäàðîâ ïîâåðõíîñòè ïðè òðàíñïîðòèðîâêå, ïðàâêå, ñêëàäèðîâàíèè è äðóãèõ îïåðàöèÿõ [11].

2.92. Öàðàïèíà (Scratch) - äåôåêò ïîâåðõíîñòè, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèé ñîáîé óãëóáëåíèå íåïðàâèëüíîé ôîðìû è ïðîèçâîëüíîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ, îáðàçóþùååñÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ïîâðåæäåíèé, â òîì ÷èñëå ïðè ñêëàäèðîâàíèè è òðàíñïîðòèðîâêå ìåòàëëà [11].

Àëôàâèòíûé ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ ðàçäåëà 2

Àòòåñòàöèÿ ïåðñîíàëà (Personnel certification)                                                            2.34

Áðàê (Rejected part)                                                                                                         2.38

Áðûçãè ìåòàëëà (Spatters)                                                                                              2.66

Âèä íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (Kind of NDT)                                                             2.7

Âìÿòèíû (Compression marks)                                                                                       2.91

Âîãíóòîñòü êîðíÿ øâà (Root concavity)                                                                        2.58

Âîëîñîâèíà (Hairline, spill)                                                                                           2.79

Âõîäíîé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (NDT on an input)                                               2.11

Âûáîðî÷íûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (Selective NDT)                                          2.15

Ãàçîâàÿ ðàêîâèíà (Blowhole)                                                                                        2.73

Ãîðÿ÷àÿ òðåùèíà (Hot crack)                                                                                         2.70

Äåôåêò (Defect)                                                                                                               2.37

Äåôåêòíûé îáúåêò (Defective item)                                                                              2.40

Äåôåêòîìåòðèÿ (Sizing)                                                                                                 2.24

Äîñòîâåðíîñòü íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (Reliability of NDT)                               2.23

Çàçóáðèíû (Hacks)                                                                                                          2.89

Çàêàò (Lap)                                                                                                                      2.85

Çàêëþ÷åíèå ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì HK (NDT conclusion)                                                     2.21

Çàêîâ (Forging foid)                                                                                                         2.86

Çàóñåíåö (Burr)                                                                                                               2.88

Çíà÷èòåëüíûé äåôåêò (Significant defect)                                                                     2.44

Èçìåðèòåëüíûé êîíòðîëü (Measuring NDT)                                                                2.16

Èíäèêàöèÿ äåôåêòà (Defect indication)                                                                         2.48

Êâàëèôèêàöèîííîå óäîñòîâåðåíèå (Qualifying certificate)                                         2.36

Êâàëèôèêàöèÿ (Qualification)                                                                                        2.35

Êîíòðîëåïðèãîäíîñòü (Suitability to testing)                                                                  2.8

Êðàòåð (Crater)                                                                                                                2.54

Êðèòè÷åñêèé äåôåêò (Critical defect)                                                                           2.43

Ëàáîðàòîðèÿ HK (NDT firm)                                                                                         2.31

Ëîæíàÿ èíäèêàöèÿ (False indication)                                                                           2.51

Ìàëîçíà÷èòåëüíûé äåôåêò (Insignificant defect)                                                         2.45

Ìåæêðèñòàëëè÷åñêàÿ òðåùèíà (Intergranular crack)                                                   2.72

Ìåòîä íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (NDT method)                                                          2.6

Ìåòîäè÷åñêèé äîêóìåíò ïî íåðàçðóøàþùåìó êîíòðîëþ (Test procedure)              2.18

Íàïëûâ íà ñâàðíîì ñîåäèíåíèè (Overlap)                                                                  2.68

Íåäîáðàêîâêà (Missing)                                                                                                 2.27

Íåäîïóñòèìûé äåôåêò (Rejected defect)                                                                      2.39

Íåçàâèñèìûé îðãàí ïî àòòåñòàöèè (Independent agency)                                            2.33

Íåìåòàëëè÷åñêîå âêëþ÷åíèå ñâàðíîãî øâà (Non-metal inclusion)                            2.65

Íåïðîâàð (Lack of fusion)                                                                                               2.62

Íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (NDT)                                                                                  2.1

Íåñïëîøíîñòü (Discontinuity)                                                                                        2.53

Íåóñòðàíèìûé äåôåêò (Incorrigible defect)                                                                  2.47

Îáíàðóæåíèå äåôåêòà (Defect detection)                                                                      2.49

Îáúåêò íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (Object of NDT)                                                     2.4

Îáúåì íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (Amount of NDT)                                                    2.5

Îïåðàöèîííûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (NDT on operations)                               2.12

Îñíîâíûå ïàðàìåòðû êîíòðîëÿ (Main testing parameters)                                          2.28

Îñíîâíûå ïàðàìåòðû íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (Main parameters of NDT)          2.22

Îòáåë (Chill hard spots)                                                                                                  2.76

Îòíîøåíèå ñèãíàë / øóì (Signal to noise ratio)                                                           2.30

Îöåíêà äåôåêòà (Defect evaluation)                                                                              2.50

Ïåðåáðàêîâêà (Over reject)                                                                                            2.26

Ïîäðåç                                                                                                                             2.84

Ïîäðåç çîíû ñïëàâëåíèÿ (Undercut)                                                                             2.67

Ïîëîâèí÷àòîñòü (Mottleness)                                                                                         2.77

Ïîðà â ñâàðíîì øâå (Gas pore)                                                                                     2.60

Ïðèåìî÷íûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (Acceptance NDT)                                      2.13

Ïðîæîã ñâàðíîãî øâà (Burn-through)                                                                            2.63

Ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (NDT during manufacturing)               2.9

Ïðîêàòíàÿ ïëåíà (Sliver, rolled skin)                                                                            2.82

Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå ðàçðåøåíèå (Spatial resolution)                                                     2.29

Ðàçâåòâëåííàÿ òðåùèíà ñâàðíîãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ (Branched crack)                                2.56

Ðàññëîåíèå (Delamination)                                                                                             2.80

Ðåàëüíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü (Real sensitivity)                                                               2.25

Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ (Recording)                                                                                                2.52

Ðåçóëüòàò íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (Outcome of NDT)                                             2.3

Ðèñêà (Groove, guide mark)                                                                                            2.87

Ðûõëîòà (Microporosity)                                                                                                 2.75

Ñâèù â ñâàðíîì øâå (Worm-hole)                                                                                 2.59

Ñèñòåìà íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (NDT system)                                                       2.2

Ñêðûòûé äåôåêò (Latent defect)                                                                                     2.42

Ñëèòî÷íàÿ ïëåíà (Sliver, rolled seab)                                                                           2.81

Ñìåùåíèå ñâàðåííûõ êðîìîê (Edge displacement)                                                      2.69

Ñïåöèàëèñò â îáëàñòè íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (NDT employee)                         2.32

Ñïëîøíîé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (Full volume NDT)                                          2.14

Ñðåäñòâî íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (Equipment of NDT and technical diagnostics) 2.17

Òåõíîëîãè÷åñêàÿ èíñòðóêöèÿ ïî íåðàçðóøàþùåìó êîíòðîëþ

(Technological procedure of NDT)                                                                                  2.19

Òåõíîëîãè÷åñêàÿ êàðòà íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ

(Technological flow chart of NDT)                                                                                  2.20

Òðåùèíà ñâàðíîãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ (Crack)                                                                        2.55

Óñ (Ridge)                                                                                                                        2.83

Óñàäî÷íàÿ ðàêîâèíà (Draw, contraction cavity)                                                            2.74

Óñàäî÷íàÿ ðàêîâèíà ñâàðíîãî øâà (Shrinkage cavity)                                                 2.57

Óñòðàíèìûé äåôåêò (Corrected defect)                                                                        2.46

Ôëîêåí (Flakes)                                                                                                              2.78

Õîëîäíàÿ òðåùèíà (Cold crack)                                                                                    2.71

Öàðàïèíà (Scratch)                                                                                                         2.92

Öåïî÷êà ïîð â ñâàðíîì øâå (Linear porosity)                                                              2.61

Øëàêîâîå âêëþ÷åíèå ñâàðíîãî øâà (Slag inclusion)                                                   2.64

Øëèôîâî÷íûå òðåùèíû (Grinding cracks)                                                                   2.90

Ýêñïëóàòàöèîííûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (In service NDT)                              2.10

ßâíûé äåôåêò (Obvious defect)                                                                                     2.41

Èñòî÷íèêè òåðìèíîâ è îïðåäåëåíèé ðàçäåëà 2

1. Ïîëîæåíèå î Íåçàâèñèìîì îðãàíå ïî àòòåñòàöèè ëàáîðàòîðèé íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ // Ñèñòåìà íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ. Àòòåñòàöèÿ ëàáîðàòîðèé: Ñáîðíèê äîêóìåíòîâ. Ñåðèÿ 28. Âûïóñê 1. 2-å èçä., èñïð. è äîï. Ì.: Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå óíèòàðíîå ïðåäïðèÿòèå «Íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêèé öåíòð ïî áåçîïàñíîñòè â ïðîìûøëåííîñòè Ãîñãîðòåõíàäçîðà Ðîññèè», 2002. 104 ñ.

2. Ïðàâèëà àòòåñòàöèè è îñíîâíûå òðåáîâàíèÿ ê ëàáîðàòîðèÿì íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ (ÏÁ 03-372-00). Ïîëîæåíèå î Ñèñòåìå íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ // Ñèñòåìà íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ. Àòòåñòàöèÿ ëàáîðàòîðèé: Ñáîðíèê äîêóìåíòîâ. Ñåðèÿ 28. Âûïóñê 1. 2-å èçä., èñïð. è äîï. Ì.: Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå óíèòàðíîå ïðåäïðèÿòèå «Íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêèé öåíòð ïî áåçîïàñíîñòè â ïðîìûøëåííîñòè Ãîñãîðòåõíàäçîðà Ðîññèè», 2002. 104 ñ.

3. ÃÎÑÒ 18353-73. Êîíòðîëü íåðàçðóøàþùèé. Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ìåòîäîâ.

4. Íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü. Ðîññèÿ, 1900-2000 ãã.: Ñïðàâî÷íèê / Â.Â. Êëþåâ, Ô.Ð. Ñîñíèí, Ñ.Â. Ðóìÿíöåâ è äð.; Ïîä ðåä. Â.Â. Êëþåâà. Ì.: Ìàøèíîñòðîåíèå, 2001. 616 ñ.

5. ÃÎÑÒ 16504-81. Ñèñòåìà ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ èñïûòàíèé ïðîäóêöèè. Èñïûòàíèÿ è êîíòðîëü êà÷åñòâà ïðîäóêöèè. Îñíîâíûå òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ.

6. ÈÑÎ 8402. Óïðàâëåíèå êà÷åñòâîì è îáåñïå÷åíèå êà÷åñòâà: Ñëîâàðü. ISO 8402:1994 (E/F/R).

7. Ïîëîæåíèå î Íåçàâèñèìîì îðãàíå ïî àòòåñòàöèè ïåðñîíàëà â îáëàñòè íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ // Ñèñòåìà íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ. Àòòåñòàöèÿ ïåðñîíàëà: Ñáîðíèê äîêóìåíòîâ. Ñåðèÿ 28. Âûïóñê 3. Ì.: Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå óíèòàðíîå ïðåäïðèÿòèå «Íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêèé öåíòð ïî áåçîïàñíîñòè â ïðîìûøëåííîñòè Ãîñãîðòåõíàäçîðà Ðîññèè», 2002. 120 ñ.

8. ÃÎÑÒ 15467-79. Óïðàâëåíèå êà÷åñòâîì ïðîäóêöèè. Îñíîâíûå ïîíÿòèÿ. Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ.

9. ÃÎÑÒ 2601-84. Ñâàðêà ìåòàëëîâ. Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ îñíîâíûõ ïîíÿòèé.

10. ÃÎÑÒ 19200-80. Îòëèâêè èç ÷óãóíà è ñòàëè. Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ äåôåêòîâ.

11. ÃÎÑÒ 21014-88. Ïðîêàò ÷åðíûõ ìåòàëëîâ. Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ äåôåêòîâ ïîâåðõíîñòè.

3. ÐÀÄÈÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÉ ÍÅÐÀÇÐÓØÀÞÙÈÉ ÊÎÍÒÐÎËÜ

3.1. Ðàäèàöèîííûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (Radiation nondestructive testing) - âèä ÍÊ, îñíîâûâàþùèéñÿ íà ðåãèñòðàöèè è àíàëèçå èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ ïîñëå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñ êîíòðîëèðóåìûì îáúåêòîì.

Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ: 1. Ïðîìûøëåííàÿ ðàäèîëîãèÿ (Industrial radiology) - íàóêà è ïðèìåíåíèå ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî è ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ, íåéòðîíîâ è äðóãîãî ïðîíèêàþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ â íåðàçðóøàþùåì êîíòðîëå.

2.  íàèìåíîâàíèè ìåòîäîâ êîíòðîëÿ, ïðèáîðîâ, õàðàêòåðèñòèê è ò. ï. ñëîâî «ðàäèàöèîííûé» ìîæåò çàìåíÿòüñÿ ñëîâîì, îáîçíà÷àþùèì êîíêðåòíûé âèä èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ (íàïðèìåð, ðåíòãåíîâñêèé, íåéòðîííûé è ò.ï.).

3.2. Èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå - èçëó÷åíèå, âçàèìîäåéñòâèå êîòîðîãî ñî ñðåäîé ïðèâîäèò ê îáðàçîâàíèþ èîíîâ ðàçíûõ çíàêîâ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Îáùåïðèíÿòî âèäèìûé ñâåò è óëüòðàôèîëåòîâîå èçëó÷åíèå íå âêëþ÷àòü â ïîíÿòèå «èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå».

3.3. Íåïîñðåäñòâåííî èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå - èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå, ñîñòîÿùåå èç çàðÿæåííûõ ÷àñòèö, èìåþùèõ êèíåòè÷åñêóþ ýíåðãèþ, äîñòàòî÷íóþ äëÿ èîíèçàöèè ïðè ñòîëêíîâåíèè.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Íåïîñðåäñòâåííî èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå ìîæåò ñîñòîÿòü èç ýëåêòðîíîâ, ïðîòîíîâ, àëüôà-÷àñòèö è äð.

3.4. Êîñâåííî èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå - èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå, ñîñòîÿùåå èç íåçàðÿæåííûõ ÷àñòèö, êîòîðûå ìîãóò ñîçäàâàòü íåïîñðåäñòâåííî èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå è (èëè) âûçûâàòü ÿäåðíûå ïðåâðàùåíèÿ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Êîñâåííî èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå ìîæåò ñîñòîÿòü èç íåéòðîíîâ, ôîòîíîâ è äð.

3.5. Ïåðâè÷íîå èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå - èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå, êîòîðîå â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ïðîöåññå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñî ñðåäîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ èëè ïðèíèìàåòñÿ èñõîäíûì.

3.6. Ïåðâè÷íîå èçëó÷åíèå (Primary radiation) - èçëó÷åíèå, ïðîõîäÿùåå íåïîñðåäñòâåííî âäîëü ïðÿìîé ëèíèè îò èñòî÷íèêà èçëó÷åíèÿ ê äåòåêòîðó áåç îòêëîíåíèÿ.

3.7. Âòîðè÷íîå èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå - èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå, âîçíèêàþùåå â ðåçóëüòàòå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ïåðâè÷íîãî èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ ñ ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé ñðåäîé.

3.8. Ðåíòãåíîâñêîå èçëó÷åíèå (X-rays) - ïðîíèêàþùåå ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíîå èçëó÷åíèå ñ ïðèìåðíûì äèàïàçîíîì äëèí âîëí 1-0,0001 íì, ãåíåðèðîâàííîå ïðè áîìáàðäèðîâêå âûñîêîñêîðîñòíûìè ýëåêòðîíàìè ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé ìèøåíè.

3.9. Ðàññåÿííîå èçëó÷åíèå (Scattered radiation) - èçëó÷åíèå, èçìåíèâøåå íàïðàâëåíèå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ñ èçìåíåíèåì èëè áåç èçìåíåíèÿ ýíåðãèè ïðè ïðîõîæäåíèè âåùåñòâà.

3.10. Êà÷åñòâî èçëó÷åíèÿ (Quality of beam of radiation) - ïðîíèêàþùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü èçëó÷åíèÿ, ÷àñòî èçìåðÿåìàÿ ñëîåì ïîëîâèííîãî îñëàáëåíèÿ.

3.11. Êîýôôèöèåíò íàêîïëåíèÿ (Build-up factor) - îòíîøåíèå èíòåíñèâíîñòè âñåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ, äîñòèãàþùåãî íåêîòîðîé òî÷êè, ê èíòåíñèâíîñòè ïåðâè÷íîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ, äîñòèãàþùåãî òîé æå òî÷êè.

3.12. Êîìïòîíîâñêîå ðàññåÿíèå (Compton scatter) - âèä ðàññåÿíèÿ ôîòîíà ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî èëè ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ, âçàèìîäåéñòâóþùåãî ñ ýëåêòðîíîì è òåðÿþùåãî ÷àñòü ýíåðãèè.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Äëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ â äèàïàçîíå ýíåðãèè îò 100 êý äî 10 Ìý êîìïòîíîâñêîå ðàññåÿíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñíîâíûì ôàêòîðîì îñëàáëåíèÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.13. Àêòèâàöèÿ - ïðîöåññ, â ðåçóëüòàòå êîòîðîãî ìàòåðèàë, ïîäâåðãíóòûé áîìáàðäèðîâêå íåéòðîíàìè èëè äðóãèìè ÷àñòèöàìè, ñòàíîâèòñÿ ðàäèîàêòèâíûì.

3.14. Óçêèé ïó÷îê èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ (Narrow beam of ionizing radiation) - èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå, ñîñòîÿùåå äî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñî ñðåäîé èç ïåðâè÷íî íàïðàâëåííîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ, à ïîñëå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñ íåé - èç ÷àñòè ïåðâè÷íîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ, íå èñïûòàâøåãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñî ñðåäîé.

3.15. Øèðîêèé ïó÷îê èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ (Broad beam of ionizing radiation) - èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå, ñîñòîÿùåå äî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñî ñðåäîé èç ïåðâè÷íî íàïðàâëåííîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ, à ïîñëå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñ íåé - èç ÷àñòè ïåðâè÷íîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ, íå èñïûòàâøåãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñî ñðåäîé, è ðàññåÿííîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.16. Êîýôôèöèåíò íàêîïëåíèÿ èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ (Build-up of ionizing radiation) - îòíîøåíèå çíà÷åíèÿ ôèçè÷åñêîãî ïàðàìåòðà (ïëîòíîñòè ïîòîêà ýíåðãèè, ìîùíîñòè äîçû è ò. ä.) øèðîêîãî ïó÷êà ê ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåìó çíà÷åíèþ ïàðàìåòðà óçêîãî ïó÷êà â îïðåäåëåííîé òî÷êå ïîñëå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ íàïðàâëåííîãî ïåðâè÷íîãî èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ ñî ñðåäîé.

3.17. Èñòî÷íèê èçëó÷åíèÿ (Radiation source) - îáîðóäîâàíèå (íàïðèìåð, ðåíòãåíîâñêàÿ òðóáêà èëè èñòî÷íèê ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ), ñïîñîáíîå ýìèòèðîâàòü èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå.

3.18. Ðàäèîãðàììà (Radiograph) - èçîáðàæåíèå, âèäèìîå ïîñëå îáðàáîòêè, ñîçäàííîå ïðîíèêàþùèì èîíèçèðóþùèì èçëó÷åíèåì íà ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêîé ïëåíêå èëè áóìàãå. Ýòîò òåðìèí òàêæå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ èçîáðàæåíèé, ñîçäàííûõ íåéòðîíàìè, ýëåêòðîíàìè, ïðîòîíàìè è ò.ä.

3.19. Àêòèâíîñòü (Activity) - êîëè÷åñòâî ðàñïàäîâ ÿäåð â åäèíèöó âðåìåíè â ðàäèîàêòèâíîì èñòî÷íèêå.

3.20. Ðàäèàöèîííàÿ òîëùèíà (Radiation thickness) - ñóììàðíàÿ äëèíà ó÷àñòêîâ îñè ðàáî÷åãî ïó÷êà íàïðàâëåííîãî ïåðâè÷íîãî èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ â ìàòåðèàëå êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî îáúåêòà.

3.21. Îñëàáëåíèå (Attenuation) - óìåíüøåíèå èíòåíñèâíîñòè ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî èëè ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ ïðè åãî ïðîõîæäåíèè ÷åðåç âåùåñòâî çà ñ÷åò ïîãëîùåíèÿ è ðàññåÿíèÿ.

3.22. Ñëîé ïîëîâèííîãî îñëàáëåíèÿ (Half value thickness) - òîëùèíà êîíêðåòíîãî ìàòåðèàëà, êîòîðûé, áóäó÷è ââåäåí â ïó÷îê ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî èëè ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ, óìåíüøàåò åãî èíòåíñèâíîñòü â äâà ðàçà.

3.23. Êîýôôèöèåíò îñëàáëåíèÿ μ (Attenuation coefficient μ) - ñîîòíîøåíèå ìåæäó èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ (I0) èçëó÷åíèÿ, ïàäàþùåãî íà îäíó ñòîðîíó ïîãëîùàþùåãî âåùåñòâà, è èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ ïðîøåäøåãî ÷åðåç âåùåñòâî èçëó÷åíèÿ (I) ïðè òîëùèíå ïîãëîùàþùåãî âåùåñòâà (t), îïðåäåëÿåìîå êàê I=I0 åõð(-μt).

3.24. Ïîãëîùåíèå (Absorption) - ïðîöåññ, â êîòîðîì êîëè÷åñòâî ïàäàþùèõ ôîòîíîâ óìåíüøàåòñÿ ïðè ïðîõîæäåíèè âåùåñòâà.

3.25. Ñðåäíèé ãðàäèåíò (Average gradient) - íàêëîí ëèíèè, ïðîâåäåííîé ìåæäó äâóìÿ îïðåäåëåííûìè òî÷êàìè íà ñåíñèòîìåòðè÷åñêîé êðèâîé.

3.26. Ðàáî÷èé ïó÷îê èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ - ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî îãðàíè÷åííàÿ ÷àñòü ïîòîêà ïåðâè÷íîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííàÿ äëÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ.

3.27. Íåèñïîëüçóåìîå èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå - ïåðâè÷íîå èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå âíå ãðàíèö ðàáî÷åãî ïó÷êà èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.28. Îñü ðàáî÷åãî ïó÷êà èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ - îñü ñèììåòðèè ðàáî÷åãî ïó÷êà èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  [2] îñü ïàäàþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ (Incident beam axis) - îñü êîíóñíîãî ïó÷êà èçëó÷åíèÿ, îïðåäåëÿåìàÿ ôîêàëüíûì ïÿòíîì è îêíîì òðóáêè.

3.29. Ôîêóñíîå ïÿòíî (Focal spot) - îáëàñòü íà àíîäå ðåíòãåíîâñêîé òðóáêè, ýìèòèðóþùàÿ ðåíòãåíîâñêîå èçëó÷åíèå, íàáëþäàåìàÿ ñ èçìåðèòåëüíîãî óñòðîéñòâà.

3.30. Ðàçìåð ôîêóñíîãî ïÿòíà (Focal spot size) - ðàçìåð ïî ôîêóñíîìó ïÿòíó ðåíòãåíîâñêîé òðóáêè, èçìåðåííûé ïàðàëëåëüíî ïëîñêîñòè ïëåíêè èëè ôëþîðåñöèðóþùåãî ýêðàíà.

3.31. Ýôôåêòèâíîå ôîêóñíîå ïÿòíî èñòî÷íèêà èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ (Effective focal spot of ionizing radiation source) - ïðîåêöèÿ èçëó÷àþùåé îáëàñòè èñòî÷íèêà èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ íà ïëîñêîñòü, ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíóþ îñè ðàáî÷åãî ïó÷êà èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.32. Ðàññòîÿíèå «ôîêóñ-ïëåíêà» [Focus-to-film distance (ffd)] - êðàò÷àéøåå ðàññòîÿíèå îò ôîêóñà ðåíòãåíîâñêîé òðóáêè äî ïëåíêè ïðè ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêîé ýêñïîçèöèè.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  [2] èñïîëüçóåòñÿ òàêæå òåðìèí «ðàññòîÿíèå «èñòî÷íèê-ïëåíêà» (Source-to-film distance) - ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó èñòî÷íèêîì èçëó÷åíèÿ è ïëåíêîé, èçìåðåííîå â íàïðàâëåíèè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.33. Ðàññòîÿíèå «îáúåêò-ïëåíêà» (Object-to-film distance) - ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó îáëó÷àåìîé ñòîðîíîé êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî îáúåêòà è ïîâåðõíîñòè ïëåíêè, èçìåðåííîå âäîëü öåíòðàëüíîé îñè ïó÷êà èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.34. Ðàäèàöèîííîå èçîáðàæåíèå (Radiation image) - èçîáðàæåíèå, ñôîðìèðîâàííîå èîíèçèðóþùèì èçëó÷åíèåì â ðåçóëüòàòå åãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñ êîíòðîëèðóåìûì îáúåêòîì.

3.35. Òåíåâîå ðàäèàöèîííîå èçîáðàæåíèå (Shadow radiation image) - ðàäèàöèîííîå èçîáðàæåíèå çà êîíòðîëèðóåìûì îáúåêòîì, ñôîðìèðîâàííîå øèðîêèì èëè óçêèì ïó÷êîì èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.36. Ñâåòîâîå èçîáðàæåíèå (Light image) - èçîáðàæåíèå, ñôîðìèðîâàííîå âèäèìûì èçëó÷åíèåì, íåïîñðåäñòâåííî âîñïðèíèìàåìîå ãëàçîì ÷åëîâåêà.

3.37. Ïàíîðàìíàÿ ýêñïîçèöèÿ (Panoramic exposure) - ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêèé àïïàðàò, èñïîëüçóþùèé ñâîéñòâà èñòî÷íèêà ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ ýìèòèðîâàòü èçëó÷åíèå ïî âñåì íàïðàâëåíèÿì, èëè ïàíîðàìíàÿ ðåíòãåíîâñêàÿ óñòàíîâêà, íàïðèìåð, äëÿ îäíîâðåìåííîãî ðàäèîãðàôèðîâàíèÿ íåñêîëüêèõ îáðàçöîâ èëè äëÿ îáëó÷åíèÿ îêðóæíîñòè öèëèíäðè÷åñêîãî îáðàçöà.

3.38. Ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêèé ñíèìîê (Radiogram) - ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïëîòíîñòè ïî÷åðíåíèÿ èëè öâåòà íà ðåíòãåíîâñêîé è ôîòîïëåíêå, êîýôôèöèåíòà îòðàæåíèÿ ñâåòà íà êñåðîãðàôè÷åñêîì ñíèìêå è ò.ï., ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå ðàäèàöèîííîìó èçîáðàæåíèþ êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî îáúåêòà.

3.39. Îïòè÷åñêàÿ ïëîòíîñòü âóàëè (Fog density) - îáùèé òåðìèí, èñïîëüçóåìûé äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ îïòè÷åñêîé ïëîòíîñòè îáðàáàòûâàåìîé ïëåíêè, ñîçäàâàåìîé ïðè÷èíîé, îòëè÷íîé îò íåïîñðåäñòâåííîãî ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ èçîáðàæåíèÿ. Òàêèìè ïðè÷èíàìè ìîãóò áûòü ñòàðåíèå, õèìè÷åñêîå âîçäåéñòâèå, äèõðîèçì, ñîáñòâåííàÿ âóàëü, ïîñòîðîííÿÿ ýêñïîçèöèÿ.

3.40. Ýêñïîçèöèÿ (Exposure) - ïðîöåññ, ïðè êîòîðîì èçëó÷åíèå ðåãèñòðèðóåòñÿ íà ñèñòåìå ïîëó÷åíèÿ èçîáðàæåíèÿ.

3.41. Êàëüêóëÿòîð ýêñïîçèöèè (Exposure calculator) - óñòðîéñòâî (íàïðèìåð, ëèíåéêà ñî ñêîëüçÿùèì äâèæêîì), êîòîðîå ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíî äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ òðåáóåìîãî âðåìåíè ýêñïîçèöèè.

3.42. Òàáëèöà ýêñïîçèöèé (Exposure chart) - òàáëèöà, ïîêàçûâàþùàÿ óðîâåíü ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ýêñïîçèöèé äëÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ òîëùèí êîíêðåòíîãî ìàòåðèàëà è äëÿ äàííîãî êà÷åñòâà èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.43. Øèðîòà ýêñïîçèöèè (Exposure latitude) - äèàïàçîí ýêñïîçèöèè, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ïîëåçíîìó äèàïàçîíó îïòè÷åñêîé ïëîòíîñòè ñíèìêà.

3.44. Äëèòåëüíîñòü ýêñïîçèöèè (Exposure time) - ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ïðîöåññà ýêñïîíèðîâàíèÿ èçëó÷åíèåì ðåãèñòðèðóþùåãî ìàòåðèàëà.

3.45. Õàðàêòåðèñòè÷åñêàÿ êðèâàÿ (ïëåíêè) [Charasteristic curve (of a film)] - êðèâàÿ, ïîêàçûâàþùàÿ ñîîòíîøåíèå ìåæäó äåñÿòè÷íûì ëîãàðèôìîì ýêñïîçèöèè lg Ê è îïòè÷åñêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ D.

3.46. Ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ ïëåíêà (Radiographic film) - ïëåíêà, ñîäåðæàùàÿ ïðîçðà÷íóþ ïîäëîæêó, îáû÷íî ïîêðûòóþ ñ îáåèõ ñòîðîí ýìóëüñèåé, ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîé ê èçëó÷åíèþ.

3.47. Ïîäëîæêà ïëåíêè (Film base) - íåñóùèé ìàòåðèàë, íà êîòîðûé íàíåñåíà ôîòî÷óâñòâèòåëüíàÿ ýìóëüñèÿ.

3.48. Ïëåíêà äëÿ ðàáîòû ñ ýêðàíîì (Screen type film) - ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ ïëåíêà, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííàÿ äëÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ñ ôëþîðåñöåíòíûìè óñèëèâàþùèìè ýêðàíàìè.

3.49. Âðåìÿ îñâåòëåíèÿ (Clearing time) - äëèòåëüíîñòü ïåðâîãî ýòàïà çàêðåïëåíèÿ ïëåíêè, â òå÷åíèå êîòîðîãî èñ÷åçàåò âóàëü.

3.50. Ãðàäèåíò ïëåíêè (G) [Film gradient (G)] - íàêëîí õàðàêòåðèñòè÷åñêîé êðèâîé ïëåíêè ïðè êîíêðåòíîé îïòè÷åñêîé ïëîòíîñòè D.

3.51. Ïîëåçíûé äèàïàçîí îïòè÷åñêèõ ïëîòíîñòåé (Useful density range) - äèàïàçîí îïòè÷åñêèõ ïëîòíîñòåé ðàäèîãðàììû, èñïîëüçóåìûé äëÿ èíòåðïðåòàöèè èçîáðàæåíèÿ. Âåðõíèé ïðåäåë îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ îñâåùåíèåì íåãàòîñêîïà, à íèæíèé ïðåäåë - ïîòåðåé ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè îáíàðóæåíèÿ äåôåêòà.

3.52. Âóàëü ñòàðåíèÿ (Ageing fog) - óâåëè÷åíèå îïòè÷åñêîé ïëîòíîñòè íåýêñïîíèðîâàííîé ïëåíêè, èçìåðåííîé ïîñëå îáðàáîòêè, îáóñëîâëåííîå äëèòåëüíûì õðàíåíèåì.

3.53. Óãîë ïàäåíèÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ (Beam angle) - óãîë ìåæäó öåíòðàëüíîé îñüþ ïó÷êà èçëó÷åíèÿ è ïëîñêîñòüþ ïëåíêè.

3.54. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ (Radiation image converter) - óñòðîéñòâî äëÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ â èçîáðàæåíèå äðóãîãî âèäà.

3.55. Ðàäèàöèîííî-îïòè÷åñêèé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü èçîáðàæåíèÿ (Radiation-optical image converter) - óñòðîéñòâî äëÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ â ñâåòîâîå èçîáðàæåíèå.

3.56. Ñîáñòâåííàÿ ôèëüòðàöèÿ (Inherent filtration) - ôèëüòðàöèÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ ÷àñòÿìè ðåíòãåíîâñêîé òðóáêè, óñòàíîâêè èëè êîíòåéíåðà èñòî÷íèêà èçëó÷åíèÿ, ÷åðåç êîòîðûå ïðîõîäèò ïåðâè÷íîå èçëó÷åíèå.

3.57. Íåðåçêîñòü (Unsharpness) - ïîòåðÿ ðàçðåøåíèÿ èçîáðàæåíèÿ èç-çà ðàçìàçûâàíèÿ èçîáðàæåíèÿ.

3.58. Íåðåçêîñòü ðàññåÿíèÿ ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ - íåðåçêîñòü òåíåâîãî ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ, âîçíèêàþùàÿ çà ñ÷åò ðàññåÿíèÿ ïåðâè÷íîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ â ìàòåðèàëå êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî îáúåêòà è (èëè) â ìàòåðèàëå äåòåêòîðà ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.59. Ãåîìåòðè÷åñêàÿ íåðåçêîñòü ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ - íåðåçêîñòü ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ, îáóñëîâëåííàÿ êîíå÷íûìè ðàçìåðàìè ýôôåêòèâíîãî ôîêóñíîãî ïÿòíà èñòî÷íèêà èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ èëè ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèìè ïàðàìåòðàìè óñòðîéñòâà, ôîðìèðóþùåãî ðàäèàöèîííîå èçîáðàæåíèå.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  [2] ãåîìåòðè÷åñêàÿ íåðåçêîñòü (Geometric unsharpness) - íåðåçêîñòü ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ, âîçíèêàþùàÿ èç-çà êîíå÷íîãî ðàçìåðà ôîêóñà èñòî÷íèêà èçëó÷åíèÿ. Åå âåëè÷èíà òàêæå çàâèñèò îò ðàññòîÿíèé «èñòî÷íèê-îáúåêò» è «îáúåêò-ïëåíêà». Äðóãèå íàçâàíèÿ: ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîå ðàçìàçûâàíèå èëè ïîëóòåíü.

3.60. Ñîáñòâåííàÿ íåðåçêîñòü (Inherent unsharpness) - ðàçìàçûâàíèå ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ, ñîçäàâàåìîå ôîòîíàìè èçëó÷åíèÿ, êîòîðûå âûáèâàþò ýëåêòðîíû èç ýìóëüñèè. Ýòè ýëåêòðîíû âîçäåéñòâóþò íà çåðíà ãàëîãåíèäà ñåðåáðà, äåëàÿ èõ ïðîÿâëÿåìûìè.

3.61. Äèíàìè÷åñêàÿ íåðåçêîñòü ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ (Movement unsharpness) - íåðåçêîñòü ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ, âîçíèêàþùàÿ ïðè îòíîñèòåëüíîì ïåðåìåùåíèè (â ïðîöåññå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ èçîáðàæåíèÿ) èñòî÷íèêà èçëó÷åíèÿ, èçîáðàæàåìîãî îáúåêòà è ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ èçîáðàæåíèÿ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  [2] äèíàìè÷åñêàÿ íåðåçêîñòü - ðàçìàçûâàíèå ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêîãî èëè ðàäèîñêîïè÷åñêîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ èç-çà îòíîñèòåëüíîãî äâèæåíèÿ èñòî÷íèêà èçëó÷åíèÿ, îáúåêòà è äåòåêòîðà èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.62. Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå ðàçðåøåíèå (Spatial resolution) - ìèíèìàëüíîå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ýëåìåíòàìè, êîòîðûå ìîãóò áûòü ðàçëè÷èìû íà èçîáðàæåíèè.

3.63. Êîëëèìèðîâàíèå (Collimation) - îãðàíè÷åíèå ïó÷êà èçëó÷åíèÿ îïðåäåëåííîé ôîðìû è îïðåäåëåííîãî ðàçìåðà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì äèàôðàãìû, èçãîòîâëåííîé èç ïîãëîùàþùåãî ìàòåðèàëà.

3.64. Êîëëèìàòîð (Collimator) - óñòðîéñòâî, èçãîòîâëåííîå èç ìàòåðèàëà, ïîãëîùàþùåãî èçëó÷åíèå, òàêîãî, êàê ñâèíåö èëè âîëüôðàì, ñêîíñòðóèðîâàííîå äëÿ îãðàíè÷åíèÿ è îïðåäåëåíèÿ íàïðàâëåíèÿ è ñå÷åíèÿ ïó÷êà èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.65. Äåðæàòåëü èñòî÷íèêà èçëó÷åíèÿ (Source holder) - óäåðæèâàþùåå, íåñóùåå èëè êðåïÿùåå óñòðîéñòâî, ñ ïîìîùüþ êîòîðîãî èñòî÷íèê ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ (ãåðìåòèçèðîâàííûé èñòî÷íèê) ìîæåò áûòü çàôèêñèðîâàí â êîíòåéíåðå äëÿ ýêñïîçèöèè èëè â èçëó÷àòåëå äèñòàíöèîííî óïðàâëÿåìîãî óñòðîéñòâà.

3.66. Ðàçìåð èñòî÷íèêà (Source size) - ðàçìåð èñòî÷íèêà èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.67. Êîíòðàñòíîå âåùåñòâî (Contrast medium) - ëþáîå âåùåñòâî, òâåðäîå èëè æèäêîå, ïðèêëàäûâàåìîå ê ðàäèîãðàôèðóåìîìó ìàòåðèàëó â öåëÿõ óâåëè÷åíèÿ ðàäèàöèîííîãî êîíòðàñòà ïî âñåìó èçîáðàæåíèþ èëè ïî åãî ÷àñòè.

3.68. Ðàäèàöèîííûé êîíòðàñò (Radiation contrast) - ðàçíîñòü â èíòåíñèâíîñòÿõ èçëó÷åíèÿ, âîçíèêàþùàÿ èç-çà èçìåíåíèÿ ñïîñîáíîñòè ïîãëîùåíèÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ â îáëó÷àåìîì îáúåìå.

3.69. Êîíòðàñò èçîáðàæåíèÿ (Image contrast) - îòíîñèòåëüíîå èçìåíåíèå îïòè÷åñêîé ïëîòíîñòè ìåæäó äâóìÿ ñîñåäíèìè îáëàñòÿìè íà ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêîì èçîáðàæåíèè.

3.70. Êîíòðàñò îáúåêòà (Object contrast) - îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ ðàçíîñòü â ïðîõîæäåíèè èçëó÷åíèÿ ÷åðåç äâå ðàññìàòðèâàåìûå çîíû îáëó÷àåìîãî îáúåêòà.

3.71. Îïòè÷åñêèé êîíòðàñò (Visual contrast) - íàáëþäàåìàÿ ðàçíîñòü îïòè÷åñêèõ ïëîòíîñòåé äâóõ ñîñåäíèõ îáëàñòåé îñâåùåííîé ðàäèîãðàììû.

3.72. Êîíòðàñòíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü, ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü ïî òîëùèíå (Contrast sensivity, thickness sensivity) - ìèíèìàëüíîå èçìåíåíèå òîëùèíû îáðàçöà, êîòîðîå ñîçäàåò ðàçëè÷èìîå èçìåíåíèå â îïòè÷åñêîé ïëîòíîñòè ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêîãî èëè ðåíòãåíîñêîïè÷åñêîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ, îáû÷íî âûðàæàåìîå â ïðîöåíòàõ îò ïîëíîé òîëùèíû îáðàçöà.

3.73. Ðàçðåøåíèå èçîáðàæåíèÿ (Image definition) - ÷åòêîñòü èçîáðàæåíèÿ äåòàëåé íà ðàäèîãðàììå.

3.74. Óëó÷øåíèå èçîáðàæåíèÿ (Image enhancement) - ëþáîé ïðîöåññ, êîòîðûé ïîâûøàåò êà÷åñòâî èçîáðàæåíèÿ óëó÷øåíèåì êîíòðàñòà è (èëè) ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî ðàçðåøåíèÿ èëè ïîíèæåíèåì øóìà. Ýòî ÷àñòî îáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿ ïðîãðàììîé êîìïüþòåðà. Òîãäà ýòî íàçûâàåòñÿ öèôðîâîé îáðàáîòêîé èçîáðàæåíèÿ.

3.75. Íåðåçêîñòü ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ - íåðåçêîñòü âûõîäíîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ, âîçíèêàþùàÿ ïðè ïðåîáðàçîâàíèè èñõîäíîãî ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ äâóõ ñìåæíûõ ïîëåé ñî ñêà÷êîîáðàçíûì èçìåíåíèåì âåëè÷èíû ôèçè÷åñêîãî ïàðàìåòðà èçîáðàæåíèÿ íà ãðàíèöå ðàçäåëà ýòèõ ïîëåé.

3.76. Îáðàòíîå ðàññåÿíèå (Back scatter/back scattered radiation) - ÷àñòü ðàññåÿííîãî ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî èëè ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ, êîòîðîå ýìèòèðóåòñÿ ïîä óãëîì, áîëüøèì 90° ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê íàïðàâëåíèþ ïàäàþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.77. Óñèëèòåëü èçîáðàæåíèÿ (Image intensifier) - ýëåêòðîííîå óñòðîéñòâî, ñêîíñòðóèðîâàííîå äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ áîëåå ÿðêîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ, ÷åì èçîáðàæåíèå, ïîëó÷àåìîå ïðè íåïîñðåäñòâåííîì âîçäåéñòâèè ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ íà ôëþîðåñöèðóþùèé ýêðàí.

3.78. Êîýôôèöèåíò óñèëåíèÿ (Intensifying factor) - îòíîøåíèå äëèòåëüíîñòè ýêñïîçèöèè áåç óñèëèâàþùèõ ýêðàíîâ ê äëèòåëüíîñòè ýêñïîçèöèè ñ óñèëèâàþùèìè ýêðàíàìè ïðè îäèíàêîâûõ ïðî÷èõ óñëîâèÿõ è ïðè ïîëó÷åíèè îäèíàêîâîé îïòè÷åñêîé ïëîòíîñòè.

3.79. Êîýôôèöèåíò óñèëåíèÿ ÿðêîñòè ðàäèàöèîííî-îïòè÷åñêîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Intensification factor) - îòíîøåíèå çíà÷åíèÿ ÿðêîñòè âûõîäíîãî ýêðàíà ðàäèàöèîííî-îïòè÷åñêîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ê çíà÷åíèþ ÿðêîñòè ýòàëîííîãî ôëóîðåñöåíòíîãî ýêðàíà ïðè îäèíàêîâûõ çàäàííûõ óñëîâèÿõ ðàäèàöèîííîãî îáëó÷åíèÿ âõîäíîé ïëîñêîñòè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ è ôëóîðåñöåíòíîãî ýêðàíà.

3.80. Êà÷åñòâî èçîáðàæåíèÿ (Image quality) - õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ, êîòîðàÿ îïðåäåëÿåò ðàçëè÷íîñòü äåòàëåé èçîáðàæåíèÿ.

3.81. Èíäèêàòîð êà÷åñòâà èçîáðàæåíèÿ (IQI) [Image quality indicator (IQI)] - óñòðîéñòâî, ñîäåðæàùåå íàáîð ýëåìåíòîâ ðàçëè÷íîé òîëùèíû, êîòîðîå îáåñïå÷èâàåò èçìåðåíèå êà÷åñòâà èçîáðàæåíèÿ. Ýëåìåíòàìè ýòîãî óñòðîéñòâà îáû÷íî ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðîâîëî÷êè èëè ñòóïåí÷àòûé êëèí ñ îòâåðñòèÿìè.

3.82. Ïîêàçàòåëü êà÷åñòâà èçîáðàæåíèÿ, ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü IQI (Image quality value, IQI sensivity) - ìåðà êà÷åñòâà èçîáðàæåíèÿ, òðåáóåìàÿ èëè äîñòèãíóòàÿ.

3.83. Øòðèõîâàÿ ðàäèàöèîííàÿ ìèðà - óñòðîéñòâî, ñ ïîìîùüþ êîòîðîãî ñîçäàåòñÿ ïåðèîäè÷åñêîå èçîáðàæåíèå â âèäå ÷åðåäóþùèõñÿ íåîáëó÷åííûõ è ðàâíîìåðíî îáëó÷åííûõ ïîëåé (øòðèõîâ è ïðîìåæóòêîâ), èìåþùèõ âèä ïîëîñ ñ ðàâíîé øèðèíîé è ïàðàëëåëüíûìè ãðàíèöàìè.

3.84. Ïðåäåë ðàçðåøåíèÿ ðàäèàöèîííîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ - íàèáîëüøåå ÷èñëî øòðèõîâ â 1 ìì èñõîäíîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ, ñîçäàííîãî øòðèõîâîé ðàäèàöèîííîé ìèðîé, êîòîðîå îáíàðóæèâàåòñÿ ðàçäåëüíî ïðè àíàëèçå âûõîäíîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ, êîãäà óñëîâèÿ ðàáîòû ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ îïòèìàëüíû.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ïðèíÿòî îáíàðóæèâàåìîå ÷èñëî øòðèõîâ â 1 ìì â «ïàðàõ ëèíèé ìì», ñ÷èòàÿ øòðèõ è ïðîìåæóòîê çà äâå ëèíèè.

3.85. Ìåòêè îò äàâëåíèÿ (Pressure marks) - èçìåíåíèå îïòè÷åñêîé ïëîòíîñòè ðàäèîãðàììû, êîòîðîå ìîæåò âûãëÿäåòü ñâåòëûì èëè òåìíûì, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ, îáóñëîâëåííîå äàâëåíèåì íà ïëåíêó.

3.86. Ïðîåêöèîííîå óâåëè÷åíèå ïðè ðàäèàöèîííîì êîíòðîëå - îòíîøåíèå ëèíåéíîãî ðàçìåðà ýëåìåíòà òåíåâîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî îáúåêòà, ñôîðìèðîâàííîãî òî÷å÷íûì èñòî÷íèêîì èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ, ê ðàçìåðó ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî ýëåìåíòà ñàìîãî îáúåêòà.

3.87. Ïðîåêöèîííîå óâåëè÷åíèå (Projective magnification) - óâåëè÷åíèå ðàçìåðà èçîáðàæåíèÿ.

3.88. Ñïîñîá ïðîåêöèîííîãî óâåëè÷åíèÿ (Projective magnification technique) - ñïîñîá ðàäèîãðàôèè èëè ðàäèîñêîïèè, ïðèìåíÿþùèé ïåðâè÷íîå óâåëè÷åíèå èçîáðàæåíèÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ðàññòîÿíèÿ ìåæäó îáðàçöîì è ñèñòåìîé ïîëó÷åíèÿ èçîáðàæåíèÿ.

3.89. Ìàñøòàá ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ - îòíîøåíèå ëèíåéíîãî ðàçìåðà ýëåìåíòà ïðåîáðàçîâàííîãî âûõîäíîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ ê àíàëîãè÷íîìó ëèíåéíîìó ðàçìåðó ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî ýëåìåíòà èñõîäíîãî ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ.

3.90. Ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîå èñêàæåíèå ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ - îòêëîíåíèå ôîðìû ïðåîáðàçîâàííîãî âûõîäíîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ îò ôîðìû ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî ýëåìåíòà èñõîäíîãî ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ.

3.91. Àðòåôàêò ïðè ïðåîáðàçîâàíèè ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ - ëîæíûå ýëåìåíòû âûõîäíîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ, îòñóòñòâóþùèå â èñõîäíîì èçîáðàæåíèè è âîçíèêàþùèå â ïðîöåññå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ èñõîäíîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  [2] àðòåôàêò (ëîæíûé èíäèêàòîðíûé ðèñóíîê) [artefact (false indication)] - ñëó÷àéíûé èíäèêàòîðíûé ðèñóíîê íà ðàäèîãðàììå, îáóñëîâëåííûé, íàïðèìåð, äåôåêòàìè ïðîèçâîäñòâà, îáðàùåíèåì ñ ïëåíêîé, ýêñïîíèðîâàíèåì èëè îáðàáîòêîé ïëåíêè.

3.92. Àáñîëþòíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü ðàäèàöèîííîãî êîíòðîëÿ (Absolute sensitivity of radiation inspection) - ìèíèìàëüíîå èçìåíåíèå çíà÷åíèÿ êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî ïàðàìåòðà îáúåêòà, êîòîðîå ìîæåò áûòü îáíàðóæåíî ñ çàäàííîé âåðîÿòíîñòüþ äàííûì ìåòîäîì ðàäèàöèîííîãî êîíòðîëÿ.

3.93. Îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü ðàäèàöèîííîãî êîíòðîëÿ (Relative sensitivity of radiation inspection) - îòíîøåíèå àáñîëþòíîé ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè ê çíà÷åíèþ êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî ïàðàìåòðà, óñòàíàâëèâàåìîå â êîíêðåòíîé çàäà÷å ðàäèàöèîííîãî êîíòðîëÿ.

3.94. Ýòàëîí ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè ðàäèàöèîííîãî êîíòðîëÿ (Sensitivity standard of radiation inspection) - óñòàíîâëåííûé íîðìàòèâíûìè äîêóìåíòàìè ïî ôîðìå, ñîñòàâó è ñïîñîáó ïðèìåíåíèÿ òåñò-îáðàçåö ñ çàäàííûì ðàñïðåäåëåíèåì çíà÷åíèÿ êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî ïàðàìåòðà, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ àáñîëþòíîé èëè îòíîñèòåëüíîé ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè ðàäèàöèîííîãî êîíòðîëÿ.

3.95. Ïðîâîëî÷íûé ýòàëîí ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè ðàäèàöèîííîãî êîíòðîëÿ - íàáîð ïðîâîëî÷åê óñòàíîâëåííûõ äëèí è äèàìåòðîâ, èçãîòîâëåííûõ ñ çàäàííîé òî÷íîñòüþ èç ìàòåðèàëà, îñíîâà êîòîðîãî ïî õèìè÷åñêîìó ñîñòàâó àíàëîãè÷íà îñíîâå êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî ìàòåðèàëà.

3.96. Ìíîãîïðîâîëî÷íûé èíäèêàòîð êà÷åñòâà èçîáðàæåíèÿ (Duplex wire image quality indicator) - èíäèêàòîð êà÷åñòâà èçîáðàæåíèÿ, ñïåöèàëüíî ñêîíñòðóèðîâàííûé äëÿ îöåíêè îáùåé íåðåçêîñòè ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ è ñîñòîÿùèé èç ìíîæåñòâà ïàð ïðîâîëî÷íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ, èçãîòîâëåííûõ èç ìåòàëëà âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòè.

3.97. Êàíàâî÷íûé ýòàëîí ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè ðàäèàöèîííîãî êîíòðîëÿ - ïëàñòèíà ñ êàíàâêàìè óñòàíîâëåííûõ ôîðì è ðàçìåðîâ, èçãîòîâëåííàÿ ñ çàäàííîé òî÷íîñòüþ èç ìàòåðèàëà, îñíîâà êîòîðîãî ïî õèìè÷åñêîìó ñîñòàâó àíàëîãè÷íà îñíîâå êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî ìàòåðèàëà.

3.98. Ïëàñòèí÷àòûé ýòàëîí ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè ðàäèàöèîííîãî êîíòðîëÿ - ïëàñòèíà ñ öèëèíäðè÷åñêèìè îòâåðñòèÿìè óñòàíîâëåííûõ ôîðì è ðàçìåðîâ, èçãîòîâëåííàÿ ñ çàäàííîé òî÷íîñòüþ èç ìàòåðèàëà, îñíîâà êîòîðîãî ïî õèìè÷åñêîìó ñîñòàâó àíàëîãè÷íà îñíîâå êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî ìàòåðèàëà.

3.99. Ðàäèîãðàôèÿ (Radiography) ïîëó÷åíèå ðàäèîãðàìì íà ïðî÷íîì îñíîâàíèè, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîì äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ èçîáðàæåíèÿ.

3.100. Ãàììà-ðàäèîãðàôèÿ (Gamma-radiography) ðàäèîãðàôèÿ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì èñòî÷íèêà ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.101. Ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèå (Gamma-rays) ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíîå èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå, ýìèòèðóåìîå îñîáûìè ðàäèîàêòèâíûìè ìàòåðèàëàìè.

3.102. Èñòî÷íèê ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ (Gamma-ray source) ðàäèîàêòèâíûé ìàòåðèàë, ãåðìåòèçèðîâàííûé â ìåòàëëè÷åñêîì êîíòåéíåðå.

3.103. Ðàäèîèçîòîï (Radioisotope) èçîòîï ýëåìåíòà, îáëàäàþùèé ñâîéñòâîì ñïîíòàííîãî ýìèòòèðîâàíèÿ ÷àñòèö, ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ èëè ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.104. Ïåðèîä ïîëóðàñïàäà (Half life) âðåìÿ, â òå÷åíèå êîòîðîãî àêòèâíîñòü ðàäèîàêòèâíîãî èñòî÷íèêà ñïàäàåò äî ïîëîâèííîãî çíà÷åíèÿ.

3.105. Óäåëüíàÿ àêòèâíîñòü (Specific activity) àêòèâíîñòü íà åäèíèöó ìàññû ðàäèîèçîòîïà.

3.106. Êîíòåéíåð èñòî÷íèêà ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ (Gamma-ray source container) êîíòåéíåð, èçãîòîâëåííûé èç ìàòåðèàëà áîëüøîé ïëîòíîñòè, èìåþùèé ñòåíêè òîëùèíîé, äîñòàòî÷íîé äëÿ ñèëüíîãî ñíèæåíèÿ èíòåíñèâíîñòè èçëó÷åíèÿ, ýìèòèðîâàííîãî èñòî÷íèêîì, äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ áåçîïàñíîñòè îáðàùåíèÿ ñ íèì.

3.107. Ðàäèîìåòðè÷åñêèé ìåòîä íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíðîëÿ ìåòîä ðàäèàöèîííîãî ÍÊ, îñíîâàííûé íà èçìåðåíèè îäíîãî èëè íåñêîëüêèõ ïàðàìåòðîâ èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ ïîñëå åãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñ êîíòðîëèðóåìûì îáúåêòîì.

3.108. Ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêèé ìåòîä íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíðîëÿ ìåòîä ðàäèàöèîííîãî ÍÊ, îñíîâàííûé íà ïðåîáðàçîâàíèè èçîáðàæåíèÿ êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî îáúåêòà â ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêèé ñíèìîê èëè çàïèñè ýòîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ íà çàïîìèíàþùåì óñòðîéñòâå ñ ïîñëåäóþùèì ïðåîáðàçîâàíèåì â ñâåòîâîå èçîáðàæåíèå.

3.109. Êîìïüþòåðíàÿ òîìîãðàôèÿ (ÊÒ) [Computerized tomography (ÑÒ)] - ïðîöåäóðà, ïðè êîòîðîé èçîáðàæåíèå äåòàëè â âûáðàííîé ïëîñêîñòè, ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíîé îñè îáðàçöà, ðàññ÷èòûâàåòñÿ èñõîäÿ èç áîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà èçìåðåíèé ïîãëîùåíèÿ ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ, âûïîëíåííûõ ïî ðàçíûì íàïðàâëåíèÿì, ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíûì îñè.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ýòî êîìïüþòåðíàÿ àêñèàëüíàÿ òîìîãðàôèÿ. Âîçìîæíû è äðóãèå ñïîñîáû âûïîëíåíèÿ òîìîãðàôèè.

3.110. Ìåòîä ðàäèàöèîííîé èíòðîñêîïèè - ìåòîä ðàäèàöèîííîãî ÍÊ, îñíîâàííûé íà ïðåîáðàçîâàíèè èçîáðàæåíèÿ êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî îáúåêòà â ñâåòîâîå èçîáðàæåíèå íà âûõîäíîì ñâåòîâîì ýêðàíå ðàäèàöèîííî-îïòè÷åñêîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, ïðè÷åì àíàëèç ïîëó÷åííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ ïðîâîäèòñÿ â ïðîöåññå êîíòðîëÿ.

3.111. Ìåòîä ðàäèàöèîííî-ñòðóêòóðíîãî àíàëèçà - ìåòîä îïðåäåëåíèÿ ñòðóêòóðû ìàòåðèàëà êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî îáúåêòà, îñíîâàííûé íà ðåãèñòðàöèè è àíàëèçå èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ, èñïûòàâøåãî äèôðàêöèþ íà êîíòðîëèðóåìîì îáúåêòå.

3.112. Ìåòîä ðàäèàöèîííî-ñïåêòðàëüíîãî àíàëèçà - ìåòîä îïðåäåëåíèÿ õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà ìàòåðèàëà êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî îáúåêòà, îñíîâàííûé íà àíàëèçå ñïåêòðàëüíîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ, âîçíèêøåãî â ðåçóëüòàòå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ïåðâè÷íîãî èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ ñ êîíòðîëèðóåìûì îáúåêòîì.

3.113. Ðàäèàöèîííàÿ òîëùèíîìåòðèÿ - ðàäèîìåòðè÷åñêèé ìåòîä ÍÊ, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ òîëùèíû èëè ïîâåðõíîñòíîé ïëîòíîñòè ìàòåðèàëà è îñíîâàííûé íà èçìåðåíèè ïàðàìåòðîâ èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ, âîçíèêàþùåãî â ðåçóëüòàòå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ïåðâè÷íîãî èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ ñ êîíòðîëèðóåìûì îáúåêòîì.

3.114. Ôëþîðîãðàôèÿ - ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêèé ìåòîä ÍÊ, îñíîâàííûé íà ôîòîãðàôèðîâàíèè ñâåòîâîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ, âîçíèêøåãî íà ôëþîðåñöåíòíîì ýêðàíå èëè íà âûõîäíîì ýêðàíå ðàäèàöèîííî-îïòè÷åñêîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

3.115. Ðàäèîñêîïèÿ (Radioscopy) - ïîëó÷åíèå âèäèìîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ íà äåòåêòîðå èçëó÷åíèÿ, òàêîì, êàê ôëþîðåñöèðóþùèé ýêðàí, è âûâîäèìîãî íà ýêðàí òåëåâèçèîííîãî ìîíèòîðà.

3.116. Ýëåêòðîðàäèîãðàôèÿ - ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêèé ìåòîä ÍÊ, îñíîâàííûé ïà ïðåîáðàçîâàíèè èñõîäíîãî ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ â ðåëüåôå ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî ïîòåíöèàëà íà ïîëóïðîâîäíèêîâîé ïëàñòèíå ñ ïîñëåäóþùèì ïðåîáðàçîâàíèåì ðåëüåôà ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî ïîòåíöèàëà â ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêèé ñíèìîê.

3.117. Êèíîðàäèîãðàôèÿ - ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêèé ìåòîä ÍÊ, ïðåäóñìàòðèâàþùèé ïîëó÷åíèå ÷åðåç ðàçíûå ïðîìåæóòêè âðåìåíè óïîðÿäî÷åííîé ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè èñõîäíûõ ðàäèàöèîííûõ èçîáðàæåíèé è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ èì ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ñíèìêîâ íà êèíîïëåíêå è ïðåäúÿâëåíèå íàáëþäàòåëþ âûõîäíûõ èçîáðàæåíèé ñ ÷àñòîòîé, ïðåâûøàþùåé êðèòè÷åñêóþ ÷àñòîòó ñëèÿíèÿ ìåëüêàíèé.

3.118. Ñòåðåîðàäèîãðàôèÿ - ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêèé ìåòîä ÍÊ, îñíîâàííûé íà àíàëèçå ñòåðåîïàðû ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ñíèìêîâ, ïîëó÷åííûõ â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ äâóõ èñõîäíûõ ðàäèàöèîííûõ èçîáðàæåíèé, ñîçäàííûõ äâóìÿ ïó÷êàìè èîíèçèðóþùèõ èçëó÷åíèé, ìåæäó îñÿìè êîòîðûõ èìååòñÿ çàäàííûé óãîë.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  [2] ñòåðåîðàäèîãðàôèÿ (Stereo radiography) - ïîëó÷åíèå ïàðû ðàäèîãðàìì, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ñòåðåîñêîïè÷åñêîãî ðàññìîòðåíèÿ.

3.119. Öâåòîâàÿ ðàäèîãðàôèÿ - ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêèé ìåòîä ÍÊ, ïðè êîòîðîì ãðàäàöèè ïàðàìåòðà èñõîäíîãî ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ âîñïðîèçâîäÿòñÿ â âèäå ãðàäàöèè öâåòà.

3.120. Ðàäèàöèîííàÿ òîìîãðàôèÿ - ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêèé ìåòîä ÍÊ, ïîçâîëÿþùèé ïîëó÷àòü ïîñëîéíî èçîáðàæåíèÿ êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî îáúåêòà.

3.121. Âû÷èñëèòåëüíàÿ òîìîãðàôèÿ - ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêèé ìåòîä ÍÊ ðåãèñòðàöèè îñëàáëåíèÿ ïîòîêà ýíåðãèè îäíîãî (èëè íåñêîëüêèõ) ïó÷êà èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ, ïåðåìåùàþùåãîñÿ òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû îñè ýòîãî ïó÷êà ëåæàëè â îäíîé ïëîñêîñòè (ïëîñêîñòè êîíòðîëÿ), ñ ïîñëåäóþùèì ðàñ÷åòîì íà ÝÂÌ ëèíåéíûõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ îñëàáëåíèÿ äëÿ ýëåìåíòîâ çàäàííîãî ñå÷åíèÿ è âûâîäîì ñâåòîâîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèþ óêàçàííûõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ.

3.122. Ôëþîðîñêîïèÿ - ìåòîä ðàäèàöèîííîé èíòðîñêîïèè, â êîòîðîì â êà÷åñòâå ðàäèàöèîííî-îïòè÷åñêîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ôëþîðåñöåíòíûé ýêðàí.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  [2] ôëþîðîñêîïèÿ (Fluoroscopy) - ïîëó÷åíèå âèäèìîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ íà ýêðàíå, ôëþîðåñöèðóþùåì ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ, äëÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííîãî íàáëþäåíèÿ èçîáðàæåíèÿ.

3.123. Ñòåðåîðàäèîñêîïèÿ - ìåòîä ðàäèàöèîííîé èíòðîñêîïèè, îñíîâàííûé íà àíàëèçå â ïðîöåññå îáëó÷åíèÿ ñòåðåîïàðû âûõîäíûõ èçîáðàæåíèé, ïîëó÷åííûõ â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ äâóõ èñõîäíûõ ðàäèàöèîííûõ èçîáðàæåíèé, ñîçäàâàåìûõ äâóìÿ ïó÷êàìè èîíèçèðóþùèõ èçëó÷åíèé, ìåæäó îñÿìè êîòîðûõ èìååòñÿ çàäàííûé óãîë.

3.124. Ìèêðîôîêóñíàÿ ðàäèîãðàôèÿ (Microfocus radiography) - ðàäèîãðàôèÿ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ðåíòãåíîâñêîé òðóáêè, èìåþùåé î÷åíü ìàëûé ýôôåêòèâíûé ðàçìåð ôîêóñà - ìåíåå 100 ìêì. Îáû÷íî ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ äëÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííîãî ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîãî óâåëè÷åíèÿ èçîáðàæåíèÿ ïðè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèè.

3.125. Êîìïåíñàòîð èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ - äîïîëíèòåëüíîå ïîãëîùàþùåå òåëî (âåùåñòâî), ââîäèìîå â çîíó ðàáî÷åãî ïó÷êà èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ â öåëÿõ óëó÷øåíèÿ óñëîâèé ðåãèñòðàöèè ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ è àíàëèçà âûõîäíîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî îáúåêòà.

3.126. Êîìïåíñàòîð (Equalizing filter, beam flattener) - óñòðîéñòâî, èñïîëüçóåìîå äëÿ âûðàâíèâàíèÿ èíòåíñèâíîñòè èçëó÷åíèÿ ïî ñå÷åíèþ ïó÷êà ïåðâè÷íîãî ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ â ìåãàâîëüòîâîé ðàäèîãðàôèè, ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåò óâåëè÷èòü ïîëåçíûé ðàçìåð ïîëÿ.

3.127. Êðàåâîé êîìïåíñàòîð (Edge-blocking material) - ìàòåðèàë, ðàñïîëàãàåìûé âîêðóã îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ èëè â ïîëîñòÿõ äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ áîëåå ðàâíîìåðíîãî ïîãëîùåíèÿ â öåëÿõ óìåíüøåíèÿ âëèÿíèÿ âíåøíåãî ðàññåÿííîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ è äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ ìåñòíîé ïåðåýêñïîçèöèè, íàïðèìåð ìåëêàÿ ñâèíöîâàÿ äðîáü.

3.128. Áëîêèðóþùèé ìàòåðèàë (Blocking medium) - ìàòåðèàë, èñïîëüçóåìûé äëÿ óìåíüøåíèÿ âëèÿíèÿ ðàññåÿííîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ íà ïëåíêó èëè íà ïðèåìíèê èçîáðàæåíèÿ.

3.129. Ôèëüòð èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ - ñîâîêóïíîñòü ïîãëîùàþùèõ ñðåä, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûõ äëÿ èçìåíåíèÿ ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîãî ñïåêòðà èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.130. Ôèëüòð (Filter) - îäíîðîäíûé ñëîé ìàòåðèàëà, îáû÷íî áîëåå âûñîêîãî àòîìíîãî íîìåðà, ÷åì ìàòåðèàë îáðàçöà, ðàñïîëàãàåìûé ìåæäó èñòî÷íèêîì èçëó÷åíèÿ è ïëåíêîé â öåëÿõ ïîâûøåííîãî ïîãëîùåíèÿ áîëåå ìÿãêîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.131. Îòñåèâàþùèé ðàñòð èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ - óñòðîéñòâî, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîå äëÿ óìåíüøåíèÿ ðîëè ðàññåÿííîãî èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ â øèðîêîì ïó÷êå çà ñ÷åò ïîãëîùåíèÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ, íàïðàâëåíèå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ êîòîðîãî îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò íàïðàâëåíèÿ ïåðâè÷íîãî èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.132. Äèàôðàãìà èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ - óñòðîéñòâî, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîå äëÿ îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ðàçìåðîâ ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñå÷åíèÿ ðàáî÷åãî ïó÷êà èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.133. Êîëëèìàòîð èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ - óñòðîéñòâî, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîå äëÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ïó÷êà íàïðàâëåííîãî èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.134. Óñèëèòåëü ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ - ðàäèàöèîííî-îïòè÷åñêèé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, â êîòîðîì çà ñ÷åò äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ ýíåðãèè, íå ñâÿçàííûõ ñ èîíèçèðóþùèì èçëó÷åíèåì, â ïðîöåññå îáëó÷åíèÿ ïðîèñõîäèò ðàäèàöèîííî-îïòè÷åñêîå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå ñ êîýôôèöèåíòîì óñèëåíèÿ ÿðêîñòè áîëåå 1.

3.135. Óñèëèòåëü ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ ñ ýëåêòðîííî-îïòè÷åñêèì ïðåîáðàçîâàíèåì - óñèëèòåëü ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ, â êîòîðîì óñèëåíèå ÿðêîñòè èçîáðàæåíèÿ, ñôîðìèðîâàííîãî èîíèçèðóþùèì èçëó÷åíèåì íà ôëþîðåñöåíòíîì ýêðàíå, ïðîèñõîäèò çà ñ÷åò ýëåêòðîííî-îïòè÷åñêîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (óñêîðåíèÿ ôîòîýëåêòðîíîâ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì ïîëåì è ïîñëåäóþùåãî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ôîòîýëåêòðîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ â âèäèìîå íà êàòîäîëþìèíåñöåíòíîì ýêðàíå).

3.136. Óñèëèâàþùèé ýêðàí (Intensifying screen) - ìàòåðèàë, êîòîðûé ïðåâðàùàåò ÷àñòü ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêîé ýíåðãèè â ñâåò èëè ýëåêòðîíû è êîòîðûé ïðè êîíòàêòå ñ ðåãèñòðèðóþùåé ñðåäîé âî âðåìÿ ýêñïîçèöèè óëó÷øàåò êà÷åñòâî ðàäèîãðàììû è (èëè) óìåíüøàåò äëèòåëüíîñòü ýêñïîçèöèè, òðåáóåìîé äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ ðàäèîãðàììû.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  [2] èìååòñÿ åùå òåðìèí - ìåòàëëè÷åñêèé ýêðàí (Metal screen) - ýêðàí, ñîñòîÿùèé èç ìåòàëëà áîëüøîé ïëîòíîñòè (îáû÷íî èç ñâèíöà), êîòîðûé ôèëüòðóåò èçëó÷åíèå è ýìèòèðóåò ýëåêòðîíû ïðè åãî ýêñïîíèðîâàíèè ðåíòãåíîâñêèì èëè ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèåì.

3.137. Ðàäèàöèîííûé ýëåêòðîííî-îïòè÷åñêèé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü - ýëåêòðîâàêóóìíûé ïðèáîð, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ â âèäèìîå.

3.138. Ìîäóëÿöèîííàÿ ïåðåäàòî÷íàÿ ôóíêöèÿ (MTF) [Modulation transfer function (MTF)] - ïðîñòðàíñòâåííàÿ ÷àñòîòíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ñèñòåìû ïîëó÷åíèÿ èçîáðàæåíèÿ.

3.139. Ñêðûòîå èçîáðàæåíèå (Latent image) - íåâèäèìîå èçîáðàæåíèå, ñîçäàííîå íà ïëåíêå èçëó÷åíèåì è ñïîñîáíîå ïðåîáðàçîâàòüñÿ â âèäèìîå èçîáðàæåíèå ïðè îáðàáîòêå ïëåíêè.

3.140. Íåãàòîñêîï - óñòðîéñòâî äëÿ ïðîñìîòðà ñíèìêîâ, ïîëó÷åííûõ íà ðåíòãåíîâñêîé èëè ôîòîãðàôè÷åñêîé ïëåíêå.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  [2] íåãàòîñêîï äëÿ ïëåíêè [Film illuminator (viewing screen)] - îáîðóäîâàíèå, ñîäåðæàùåå èñòî÷íèê ñâåòà è ïðîçðà÷íûé ýêðàí, èñïîëüçóåìîå äëÿ ðàññìîòðåíèÿ ðàäèîãðàìì.

3.141. Ìàñêà íåãàòîñêîïà (Viewing mask) - ïðèñïîñîáëåíèå íà íåãàòîñêîïå, èñêëþ÷àþùåå îðåîë.

3.142. ×óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü îáíàðóæåíèÿ äåôåêòà (Flaw sensivity) - ìèíèìàëüíûé ðàçìåð äåôåêòà, îáíàðóæèâàåìûé ïðè êîíêðåòíûõ óñëîâèÿõ êîíòðîëÿ.

3.143. ×óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü ïëåíî÷íîé ñèñòåìû (Film system speed) - êîëè÷åñòâåííîå èçìåðåíèå ðåàêöèè ïëåíî÷íîé ñèñòåìû íà ýíåðãèþ èçëó÷åíèÿ ïðè êîíêðåòíûõ óñëîâèÿõ ýêñïîçèöèè.

3.144. Ðàäèàöèîííûé òîëùèíîìåð - ðàäèîìåòðè÷åñêèé ïðèáîð, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ è (èëè) êîíòðîëÿ òîëùèíû èëè ñðåäíåãî çíà÷åíèÿ ïîâåðõíîñòíîé ïëîòíîñòè êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî ìàòåðèàëà.

3.145. Ôëþîðîãðàô - óñòðîéñòâî äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ ôëþîðîãðàôèè, èìåþùåå â ñâîåì ñîñòàâå ôëþîðîãðàôè÷åñêóþ êàìåðó ñ ðàäèàöèîííî-îïòè÷åñêèì ïðåîáðàçîâàíèåì è ôîòîàïïàðàòîì äëÿ ôîòîãðàôèðîâàíèÿ ñâåòîâîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  [1] èñïîëüçóåòñÿ òàêæå òåðìèí «ôëþîðîñêîï» - ðàäèàöèîííûé èíòðîñêîí äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ ôëþîðîñêîïèè.

3.146. Ôëþîðåñöåíòíûé óñèëèâàþùèé ýêðàí (Fluorescent intensifying screen) - ýêðàí, ñîäåðæàùèé ëþìèíîôîðíîå ïîêðûòèå, êîòîðîå ôëþîðåñöèðóåò ïðè ýêñïîíèðîâàíèè ðåíòãåíîâñêèì èëè ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèåì.

3.147. Ôëþîðîìåòàëëè÷åñêèé óñèëèâàþùèé ýêðàí (Fluorometallic intensifying screen) - ýêðàí, ñîñòîÿùèé èç ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé ôîëüãè (îáû÷íî ñâèíöîâîé), ïîêðûòîé ìàòåðèàëîì, êîòîðûé ôëþîðåñöèðóåò ïðè ýêñïîíèðîâàíèè ðåíòãåíîâñêèì èëè ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèåì.

3.148. Ëèíåéíûé óñêîðèòåëü ýëåêòðîíîâ (LINAC) [Linear electron accelerator (LINAC)] - àïïàðàò äëÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâà âûñîêîýíåðãåòè÷åñêèõ ýëåêòðîíîâ ïóòåì óñêîðåíèÿ èõ â âîëíîâîäå. Ýëåêòðîíû áîìáàðäèðóþò ìèøåíü, ñîçäàâàÿ ðåíòãåíîâñêîå èçëó÷åíèå.

3.149. Áåòàòðîí (Betatron) - àïïàðàò, â êîòîðîì ýëåêòðîíû óñêîðÿþòñÿ ïî êðóãîâîé îðáèòå äî èõ îòêëîíåíèÿ íà ìèøåíü äëÿ ñîçäàíèÿ âûñîêîýíåðãåòè÷åñêîãî ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.150. Ðàäèàöèîííûé èíòðîñêîï - óñòðîéñòâî äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ ðàäèîñêîïèè, âêëþ÷àþùåå â ñåáÿ èñòî÷íèê èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ è ñèñòåìó ðàäèàöèîííî-îïòè÷åñêîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîå äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ âíóòðåííåãî ñòðîåíèÿ ìàòåðèàëîâ è îáúåêòîâ.

3.151. Äîçèìåòð (Dosemeter, dosimeter) - ïðèáîð äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ íàêîïëåííîé äîçû ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî èëè ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.152. Èçìåðèòåëü ìîùíîñòè äîçû (Dose rate meter) - ïðèáîð äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ ìîùíîñòè äîçû ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî è ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.153. Êðèâàÿ ðàñïàäà (Decay curve) - àêòèâíîñòü ðàäèîèçîòîïà, ïîñòðîåííàÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò âðåìåíè. Îáû÷íî ïî âåðòèêàëüíîé øêàëå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ëîãàðèôìè÷åñêèé, à ïî ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé øêàëå - ëèíåéíûé ìàñøòàá.

3.154. Äåíñèòîìåòð (Densitometer) - óñòðîéñòâî äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ îïòè÷åñêîé ïëîòíîñòè ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêîé ïëåíêè èëè îòðàæåííîé ïëîòíîñòè ôîòîãðàôè÷åñêîãî îòïå÷àòêà.

3.155. Îáðàáîòêà ïëåíêè (Film processing) - îïåðàöèè, íåîáõîäèìûå äëÿ ïðåâðàùåíèÿ ñêðûòîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ íà ïëåíêå â ïîñòîÿííîå âèäèìîå èçîáðàæåíèå, ñîñòîÿùèå îáû÷íî èç ïðîÿâëåíèÿ, çàêðåïëåíèÿ, ïðîìûâêè è ñóøêè ïëåíêè.

3.156. Ïðîÿâëåíèå (ïëåíêè èëè áóìàãè) (Development of a film or paper) - õèìè÷åñêèé èëè ôèçè÷åñêèé ïðîöåññ, êîòîðûé ïðåâðàùàåò ñêðûòîå èçîáðàæåíèå â âèäèìîå èçîáðàæåíèå.

3.157. Çàêðåïëåíèå (Fixing) - óäàëåíèå õèìè÷åñêèì ñïîñîáîì ãàëîãåíèäà ñåðåáðà èç ýìóëüñèè ïîñëå ïðîÿâëåíèÿ.

3.158. Çåðíèñòîñòü (Graininess) - âíåøíèé âèä ãðàíóëÿðíîñòè.

3.159. Ãðàíóëÿðíîñòü (Granularity) - ñòîõàñòè÷åñêàÿ ôëþêòóàöèÿ îïòè÷åñêîé ïëîòíîñòè íà ðàäèîãðàììå, íàëîæåííàÿ íà èçîáðàæåíèÿ îáúåêòà, èçìåðåííàÿ ïðèáîðàìè.

3.160. Ðåíòãåíîâñêàÿ òðóáêà (X-ray tube) - âàêóóìíàÿ òðóáêà, îáû÷íî ñîäåðæàùàÿ íèòü íàêàëà äëÿ ãåíåðèðîâàíèÿ ýëåêòðîíîâ, êîòîðûå óñêîðÿþòñÿ äëÿ áîìáàðäèðîâêè àíîäà, ñ ïîâåðõíîñòè êîòîðîãî âîçíèêàåò ðåíòãåíîâñêîå èçëó÷åíèå.

3.161. Òðóáêà ñî ñòåðæíåâûì àíîäîì (Rod anode tube) - òèï ðåíòãåíîâñêîé òðóáêè, â êîòîðîé ìèøåíü íàõîäèòñÿ íà êîíöå öèëèíäðè÷åñêîãî àíîäà; òàêèå òðóáêè ìîãóò ñîçäàâàòü ïàíîðàìíûé ïó÷îê èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.162. Ìèøåíü (Target) - îáëàñòü ïîâåðõíîñòè àíîäà ðåíòãåíîâñêîé òðóáêè, íà êîòîðóþ ïîïàäàåò ýëåêòðîííûé ëó÷ è èç êîòîðîé ýìèòèðóåòñÿ ïåðâè÷íûé ïó÷îê ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.163. Äâóõôîêóñíàÿ òðóáêà (Dual focus tube) - ðåíòãåíîâñêàÿ òðóáêà ñ äâóìÿ ôîêóñàìè ðàçëè÷íîãî ðàçìåðà.

3.164. Àíîä (Anode) - ïîëîæèòåëüíûé ýëåêòðîä ðåíòãåíîâñêîé òðóáêè.

3.165. Êàòîä (Cathode) - îòðèöàòåëüíûé ýëåêòðîä ðåíòãåíîâñêîé òðóáêè.

3.166. Äèàôðàãìà òðóáêè (Tube dlafragm) - óñòðîéñòâî, îáû÷íî ôèêñèðóåìîå íà ýêðàíå òðóáêè èëè íà èçëó÷àòåëå, ñîäåðæàùåì òðóáêó, äëÿ îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ýìèòèðóåìîãî ïó÷êà ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.167. Èçëó÷àòåëü ñ òðóáêîé (Tube head) - ÷àñòü ðåíòãåíîâñêîé óñòàíîâêè, ñîäåðæàùàÿ òðóáêó â ýêðàíå.

3.168. Ýêâèâàëåíòíîå ðåíòãåíîâñêîå íàïðÿæåíèå (Equivalent X-ray voltage) - íàïðÿæåíèå ðåíòãåíîâñêîé òðóáêè, êîòîðîå ñîçäàåò ðàäèîãðàììó, ýêâèâàëåíòíîå ãàììà-ðàäèîãðàììå, ñíÿòîé ñ ïîìîùüþ êîíêðåòíîãî èñòî÷íèêà ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.169. Ýêðàí òðóáêè (Tube shield) - îáîëî÷êà ðåíòãåíîâñêîé òðóáêè, êîòîðàÿ óìåíüøàåò óòå÷êó èçëó÷åíèÿ äî îïðåäåëåííîãî çíà÷åíèÿ.

3.170. Øòîðêè òðóáêè (Tube shutter) - óñòðîéñòâî, ïðèêðåïëÿåìîå ê ýêðàíó òðóáêè, èçãîòîâëåííîå îáû÷íî èç ñâèíöà è îáû÷íî äèñòàíöèîííî óïðàâëÿåìîå, èñïîëüçóåìîå äëÿ óïðàâëåíèÿ ïîòîêîì ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ.

3.171. Îêíî òðóáêè (Tube window) - îáëàñòü ðåíòãåíîâñêîé òðóáêè, ÷åðåç êîòîðóþ ýìèòèðóåòñÿ èçëó÷åíèå.

3.172. Íàïðÿæåíèå òðóáêè (Tube voltage) - âûñîêîå íàïðÿæåíèå, ïðèêëàäûâàåìîå ìåæäó àíîäîì è êàòîäîì ðåíòãåíîâñêîé òðóáêè.

3.173. Íåãåðìåòèçèðîâàííûé èñòî÷íèê (Unsealed source) - ëþáîé ðàäèîàêòèâíûé èñòî÷íèê, êîòîðûé íå ãåðìåòèçèðîâàí â êîíòåéíåðå.

3.174. Ëèíèÿ ïîñòîÿííîãî ïîòåíöèàëà (Constant potential circuit) - ýëåêòðîííàÿ êîíôèãóðàöèÿ, ñïðîåêòèðîâàííàÿ äëÿ ïðèëîæåíèÿ è ïîääåðæàíèÿ ïîñòîÿííîãî ïîòåíöèàëà âíóòðè ðåíòãåíîâñêîé òðóáêè.

3.175. Äèôðàêöèîííîå ïÿòíî (Diffraction mottle) - íàëîæåííûå íà ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêîå èçîáðàæåíèå óçîðû, îáóñëîâëåííûå äèôðàêöèåé ïàäàþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ íà ìàòåðèàë îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ.

3.176. Àíîäíûé òîê (Anode current) - ýëåêòðîíû, ïðîõîäÿùèå îò êàòîäà ê àíîäó â ðåíòãåíîâñêîé òðóáêå.

3.177. Íåïðåðûâíûé ñïåêòð (Continious spectrum) - äèàïàçîí äëèí âîëí èëè êîëè÷åñòâ ýíåðãèè, ãåíåðèðóåìûé ðåíòãåíîâñêîé óñòàíîâêîé ïðè òîðìîæåíèè ýëåêòðîíîâ ìèøåíüþ.

3.178. Êàññåòà (Cassette) - æåñòêèé èëè ãèáêèé ñâåòîíåïðîíèöàåìûé êîíòåéíåð äëÿ ðàçìåùåíèÿ ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêîé ïëåíêè èëè áóìàãè ïðè ýêñïîçèöèè ñ óñèëèâàþùèì ýêðàíîì èëè áåç íåãî.

3.179. Âàêóóìíàÿ êàññåòà (Vacuum cassette) - ñâåòîíåïðîíèöàåìûé êîíòåéíåð, êîòîðûé òåñíî ïðèæèìàåò ïëåíêó ê ýêðàíó ïðè ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêîé ýêñïîçèöèè, åñëè èç íåãî îòêà÷àí âîçäóõ.

3.180. Êàëèáðîâàííûé êëèí ñî ñòóïåíÿìè ïëîòíîñòè (Calibrated density step wedge) - îáðàçåö ïëåíêè, èìåþùèé ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü ðàçëè÷íûõ îïòè÷åñêèõ ïëîòíîñòåé, êîòîðûå áûëè ïðîêàëèáðîâàíû äëÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êà÷åñòâå ýòàëîíà ïëîòíîñòåé.

3.181. Ñòóïåí÷àòûé êëèí (Step wedge) - îáúåêò â ôîðìå ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè ñòóïåíåé, èçãîòîâëåííûõ èç îäèíàêîâîãî ìàòåðèàëà.

Àëôàâèòíûé ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ ðàçäåëà 3

Àáñîëþòíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü ðàäèàöèîííîãî êîíòðîëÿ

(Absolute sensitivity of radiation inspection)                                                                   3.92

Àêòèâàöèÿ                                                                                                                       3.13

Àêòèâíîñòü (Activity)                                                                                                     3.19

Àíîä (Anode)                                                                                                                3.164

Àíîäíûé òîê (Anode current)                                                                                       3.176

Àðòåôàêò ïðè ïðåîáðàçîâàíèè ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ                                  3.91

Áåòàòðîí (Betatron)                                                                                                       3.149

Áëîêèðóþùèé ìàòåðèàë (Blocking medium)                                                               3.128

Âàêóóìíàÿ êàññåòà (Vacuum cassette)                                                                          3.179

Âðåìÿ îñâåòëåíèÿ (Clearing time)                                                                                 3.49

Âòîðè÷íîå èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå                                                                            3.7

Âóàëü ñòàðåíèÿ (Ageing fog)                                                                                          3.52

Âû÷èñëèòåëüíàÿ òîìîãðàôèÿ                                                                                      3.121

Ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèå (Gamma rays)                                                                                  3.101

Ãàììà-ðàäèîãðàôèÿ (Gamma-radiography)                                                                 3.100

Ãåîìåòðè÷åñêàÿ íåðåçêîñòü ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ                                       3.59

Ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîå èñêàæåíèå ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ                                       3.90

Ãðàäèåíò ïëåíêè (G) [Film gradient (G)]                                                                      3.50

Ãðàíóëÿðíîñòü (Granularity)                                                                                        3.159

Äâóõôîêóñíàÿ òðóáêà (Dual focus tube)                                                                       3.163

Äåíñèòîìåòð (Densitometer)                                                                                        3.154

Äåðæàòåëü èñòî÷íèêà èçëó÷åíèÿ (Source holder)                                                       3.65

Äèàôðàãìà èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ                                                                     3.132

Äèàôðàãìà òðóáêè (Tube diafragm)                                                                             3.166

Äèíàìè÷åñêàÿ íåðåçêîñòü ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ                                          3.61

Äèôðàêöèîííîå ïÿòíî (Diffraction mottle)                                                                 3.175

Äëèòåëüíîñòü ýêñïîçèöèè (Exposure time)                                                                  3.44

Äîçèìåòð (Dosemeter, dosimeter)                                                                                3.151

Çàêðåïëåíèå (Fixing)                                                                                                    3.157

Çåðíèñòîñòü (Graininess)                                                                                              3.158

Èçëó÷àòåëü ñ òðóáêîé (Tube head)                                                                              3.167

Èçìåðèòåëü ìîùíîñòè äîçû (Dose rate meter)                                                           3.152

Èíäèêàòîð êà÷åñòâà èçîáðàæåíèÿ (IQI) [Image quality indicator (IQI)]                     3.81

Èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå                                                                                               3.2

Èñòî÷íèê ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ (Gamma-ray source)                                                       3.102

Èñòî÷íèê èçëó÷åíèÿ (Radiation source)                                                                        3.17

Êàëèáðîâàííûé êëèí ñî ñòóïåíÿìè ïëîòíîñòè (Calibrated density step wedge)    3.180

Êàëüêóëÿòîð ýêñïîçèöèè (Exposure calculator)                                                           3.41

Êàíàâî÷íûé ýòàëîí ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè ðàäèàöèîííîãî êîíòðîëÿ                            3.97

Êàññåòà (Cassette)                                                                                                         3.178

Êàòîä (Cathode)                                                                                                             3.165

Êà÷åñòâî èçëó÷åíèÿ (Quality of beam of radiation)                                                       3.10

Êà÷åñòâî èçîáðàæåíèÿ (Image quality)                                                                          3.80

Êèíîðàäèîãðàôèÿ                                                                                                         3.117

Êîëëèìàòîð (Collimator)                                                                                                3.64

Êîëëèìàòîð èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ                                                                    3.133

Êîëëèìèðîâàíèå (Collimation)                                                                                      3.63

Êîìïåíñàòîð (Equalizing filter, beam flattener)                                                           3.126

Êîìïåíñàòîð èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ                                                                  3.125

Êîìïòîíîâñêîå ðàññåÿíèå (Compton scatter)                                                               3.12

Êîìïüþòåðíàÿ òîìîãðàôèÿ (ÊÒ) [Computerized tomography (CT)]                          3.109

Êîíòåéíåð èñòî÷íèêà ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ (Gamma-ray source container)                  3.106

Êîíòðàñò èçîáðàæåíèÿ (Image contrast)                                                                        3.69

Êîíòðàñò îáúåêòà (Object contrast)                                                                               3.70

Êîíòðàñòíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü, ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü ïî òîëùèíå

(Contrast sensivity, thickness sensivity)                                                                           3.72

Êîíòðàñòíîå âåùåñòâî (Contrast medium)                                                                     3.67

Êîñâåííî èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå                                                                              3.3

Êîýôôèöèåíò íàêîïëåíèÿ (Build-up factor)                                                                3.11

Êîýôôèöèåíò íàêîïëåíèÿ èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ

(Build-up of ionizing radiation)                                                                                        3.16

Êîýôôèöèåíò îñëàáëåíèÿ µ (Attenuation coefficient µ)                                               3.23

Êîýôôèöèåíò óñèëåíèÿ (Intensifying factor)                                                                 3.78

Êîýôôèöèåíò óñèëåíèÿ ÿðêîñòè ðàäèàöèîííî-îïòè÷åñêîãî

ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Intensification factor)                                                                         3.79

Êðàåâîé êîìïåíñàòîð (Edge-blocking material)                                                         3.127

Êðèâàÿ ðàñïàäà (Decay curve)                                                                                     3.153

Ëèíåéíûé óñêîðèòåëü ýëåêòðîíîâ (LINAC)

[Linear electron accelerator (LINAC)]                                                                           3.148

Ëèíèÿ ïîñòîÿííîãî ïîòåíöèàëà (Constant potential circuit)                                     3.174

Ìàñêà íåãàòîñêîïà (Viewing mask)                                                                             3.141

Ìàñøòàá ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ                                           3.89

Ìåòêè îò äàâëåíèÿ (Pressure marks)                                                                             3.85

Ìåòîä ðàäèàöèîííîé èíòðîñêîïèè                                                                           3.110

Ìåòîä ðàäèàöèîííî-ñïåêòðàëüíîãî àíàëèçà                                                            3.112

Ìåòîä ðàäèàöèîííî-ñòðóêòóðíîãî àíàëèçà                                                              3.111

Ìèêðîôîêóñíàÿ ðàäèîãðàôèÿ (Microfocus radiography)                                           3.124

Ìèøåíü (Target)                                                                                                           3.162

Ìíîãîïðîâîëî÷íûé èíäèêàòîð êà÷åñòâà èçîáðàæåíèÿ

(Duplex wire image quality indicator)                                                                              3.96

Ìîäóëÿöèîííàÿ ïåðåäàòî÷íàÿ ôóíêöèÿ (MTF)

[Modulation transfer function (MTF)]                                                                            3.138

Íàïðÿæåíèå òðóáêè (Tube voltage)                                                                             3.172

Íåãàòîñêîï                                                                                                                    3.140

Íåãåðìåòèçèðîâàííûé èñòî÷íèê (Unsealed source)                                                  3.173

Íåèñïîëüçóåìîå èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå                                                                3.27

Íåïîñðåäñòâåííî èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå                                                                3.3

Íåïðåðûâíûé ñïåêòð (Continious spectrum)                                                               3.177

Íåðåçêîñòü (Unsharpness)                                                                                               3.57

Íåðåçêîñòü ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ                                       3.75

Íåðåçêîñòü ðàññåÿíèÿ ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ                                                 3.58

Îáðàáîòêà ïëåíêè (Film processing)                                                                           3.155

Îáðàòíîå ðàññåÿíèå (Back scatter/back scattered radiation)                                         3.76

Îêíî òðóáêè (Tube window)                                                                                        3.171

Îïòè÷åñêàÿ ïëîòíîñòü âóàëè (Fog density)                                                                  3.39

Îïòè÷åñêèé êîíòðàñò (Visual contrast)                                                                         3.71

Îñëàáëåíèå (Attenuation)                                                                                               3.21

Îñü ðàáî÷åãî ïó÷êà èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ                                                         3.28

Îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü ðàäèàöèîííîãî êîíòðîëÿ

(Relative sensitivity of radiation inspection)                                                                    3.93

Îòñåèâàþùèé ðàñòð èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ                                                      3.131

Ïàíîðàìíàÿ ýêñïîçèöèÿ (Panoramic exposure)                                                            3.37

Ïåðâè÷íîå èçëó÷åíèå (Primary radiation)                                                                       3.6

Ïåðâè÷íîå èîíèçèðóþùåå èçëó÷åíèå                                                                            3.5

Ïåðèîä ïîëóðàñïàäà (Half life)                                                                                   3.104

Ïëàñòèí÷àòûé ýòàëîí ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè ðàäèàöèîííîãî êîíòðîëÿ                        3.98

Ïëåíêà äëÿ ðàáîòû ñ ýêðàíîì (Screen type film)                                                         3.48

Ïîãëîùåíèå (Absorption)                                                                                               3.24

Ïîäëîæêà ïëåíêè (Film base)                                                                                       3.47

Ïîêàçàòåëü êà÷åñòâà èçîáðàæåíèÿ, ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü IQI

(Image quality value, IQI sensivity)                                                                                  3.82

Ïîëåçíûé äèàïàçîí îïòè÷åñêèõ ïëîòíîñòåé (Useful density range)                          3.51

Ïðåäåë ðàçðåøåíèÿ ðàäèàöèîííîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ                                                3.84

Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ (Radiation image converter)            3.54

Ïðîâîëî÷íûé ýòàëîí ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè ðàäèàöèîííîãî êîíòðîëÿ                          3.95

Ïðîåêöèîííîå óâåëè÷åíèå (Projective magnification)                                                 3.87

Ïðîåêöèîííîå óâåëè÷åíèå ïðè ðàäèàöèîííîì êîíòðîëå                                         3.86

Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå ðàçðåøåíèå (Spatial resolution)                                                     3.62

Ïðîÿâëåíèå (ïëåíêè èëè áóìàãè) (Development of a film or paper)                         3.156

Ðàáî÷èé ïó÷îê èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ                                                                 3.26

Ðàäèàöèîííàÿ òîëùèíà (Radiation thickness)                                                               3.20

Ðàäèàöèîííàÿ òîëùèíîìåòðèÿ                                                                                   3.113

Ðàäèàöèîííàÿ òîìîãðàôèÿ                                                                                          3.120

Ðàäèàöèîííîå èçîáðàæåíèå (Radiation image)                                                            3.34

Ðàäèàöèîííî-îïòè÷åñêèé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü èçîáðàæåíèÿ

(Radiation-optical image converter)                                                                                 3.55

Ðàäèàöèîííûé èíòðîñêîï                                                                                           3.150

Ðàäèàöèîííûé êîíòðàñò (Radiation contrast)                                                               3.68

Ðàäèàöèîííûé íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü (Radiation nondestructive testing)              3.1

Ðàäèàöèîííûé òîëùèíîìåð                                                                                        3.144

Ðàäèàöèîííûé ýëåêòðîííî-îïòè÷åñêèé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü                                      3.137

Ðàäèîãðàììà (Radiograph)                                                                                             3.18

Ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ ïëåíêà (Radiographic film)                                                            3.46

Ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêèé ìåòîä íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ                                             3.108

Ðàäèîãðàôè÷åñêèé ñíèìîê (Radiogram)                                                                      3.38

Ðàäèîãðàôèÿ (Radiography)                                                                                           3.99

Ðàäèîèçîòîï (Radioisotope)                                                                                         3.103

Ðàäèîìåòðè÷åñêèé ìåòîä íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ                                             3.107

Ðàäèîñêîïèÿ (Radioscopy)                                                                                           3.115

Ðàçìåð èñòî÷íèêà (Source size)                                                                                     3.66

Ðàçìåð ôîêóñíîãî ïÿòíà (Focal spot size)                                                                    3.30

Ðàçðåøåíèå èçîáðàæåíèÿ (Image definition)                                                                 3.73

Ðàññåÿííîå èçëó÷åíèå (Scattered radiation)                                                                    3.9

Ðàññòîÿíèå «îáúåêò-ïëåíêà» (Object-to-film distance)                                                3.33

Ðàññòîÿíèå «ôîêóñ-ïëåíêà» (Focus-to-film distance (ffd))                                          3.32

Ðåíòãåíîâñêàÿ òðóáêà (X-ray tube)                                                                              3.160

Ðåíòãåíîâñêîå èçëó÷åíèå (X-rays)                                                                                 3.8

Ñâåòîâîå èçîáðàæåíèå (Light image)                                                                            3.36

Ñêðûòîå èçîáðàæåíèå (Latent image)                                                                          3.139

Ñëîé ïîëîâèííîãî îñëàáëåíèÿ (Half value thickness)                                                 3.22

Ñîáñòâåííàÿ íåðåçêîñòü (Inherent unsharpness)                                                            3.60

Ñîáñòâåííàÿ ôèëüòðàöèÿ (Inherent filtration)                                                               3.56

Ñïîñîá ïðîåêöèîííîãî óâåëè÷åíèÿ (Projective magnification technique)                  3.88

Ñðåäíèé ãðàäèåíò (Average gradient)                                                                           3.25

Ñòåðåîðàäèîãðàôèÿ                                                                                                      3.118

Ñòåðåîðàäèîñêîïèÿ                                                                                                      3.123

Ñòóïåí÷àòûé êëèí (Step wedge)                                                                                 3.181

Òàáëèöà ýêñïîçèöèé (Exposure chart)                                                                           3.42

Òåíåâîå ðàäèàöèîííîå èçîáðàæåíèå (Shadow radiation image)                                 3.35

Òðóáêà ñî ñòåðæíåâûì àíîäîì (Rod anode tube)                                                       3.161

Óãîë ïàäåíèÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ (Beam angle)                                                                         3.53

Óäåëüíàÿ àêòèâíîñòü (Specific activity)                                                                     3.105

Óçêèé ïó÷îê èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ (Narrow beam of ionizing radiation)          3.14

Óëó÷øåíèå èçîáðàæåíèÿ (Image enhancement)                                                             3.74

Óñèëèâàþùèé ýêðàí (Intensifying screen)                                                                   3.136

Óñèëèòåëü èçîáðàæåíèÿ (Image intensifier)                                                                  3.77

Óñèëèòåëü ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ                                                                   3.134

Óñèëèòåëü ðàäèàöèîííîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ ñ ýëåêòðîííî-îïòè÷åñêèì

ïðåîáðàçîâàíèåì                                                                                                          3.135

Ôèëüòð (Filter)                                                                                                              3.130

Ôèëüòð èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ                                                                            3.129

Ôëþîðåñöåíòíûé óñèëèâàþùèé ýêðàí (Fluorescent intensifying screen)                 3.146

Ôëþîðîãðàô                                                                                                                 3.145

Ôëþîðîãðàôèÿ                                                                                                             3.114

Ôëþîðîìåòàëëè÷åñêèé óñèëèâàþùèé ýêðàí

(Fluorometallic intensifying screen)                                                                               3.147

Ôëþîðîñêîïèÿ                                                                                                             3.122

Ôîêóñíîå ïÿòíî (Focal spot)                                                                                         3.29

Õàðàêòåðèñòè÷åñêàÿ êðèâàÿ (ïëåíêè) [Charasteristic curve (of a film)]                     3.45

Öâåòîâàÿ ðàäèîãðàôèÿ                                                                                                 3.119

×óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü îáíàðóæåíèÿ äåôåêòà (Flaw sensivity)                                       3.142

×óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü ïëåíî÷íîé ñèñòåìû (Film system speed)                                     3.143

Øèðîêèé ïó÷îê èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ

(Broad beam of ionizing radiation)                                                                                   3.15

Øèðîòà ýêñïîçèöèè (Exposure latitude)                                                                       3.43

Øòîðêè òðóáêè (Tube shutter)                                                                                      3.170

Øòðèõîâàÿ ðàäèàöèîííàÿ ìèðà                                                                                    3.83

Ýêâèâàëåíòíîå ðåíòãåíîâñêîå íàïðÿæåíèå (Equivalent X-ray voltage)                  3.168

Ýêðàí òðóáêè (Tube shield)                                                                                          3.169

Ýêñïîçèöèÿ (Exposure)                                                                                                  3.40

Ýëåêòðîðàäèîãðàôèÿ                                                                                                   3.116

Ýòàëîí ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè ðàäèàöèîííîãî êîíòðîëÿ

(Sensitivity standard of radiation inspection)                                                                   3.94

Ýôôåêòèâíîå ôîêóñíîå ïÿòíî èñòî÷íèêà èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ

(Effective focal spot of ionizing radiation source)                                                           3.31

Èñòî÷íèêè òåðìèíîâ è îïðåäåëåíèé ðàçäåëà 3

1. Íåðàçðóøàþùèé êîíòðîëü. Ðîññèÿ, 1900-2000 ãã.: Ñïðàâî÷íèê / Â.Â. Êëþåâ, Ô.Ð. Ñîñíèí, Ñ.Â. Ðóìÿíöåâ è äð.; Ïîä ðåä. Â.Â. Êëþåâà. Ì.: Ìàøèíîñòðîåíèå, 2001. 616 ñ.

2. European Standart EN 1330:1997 Terms used in Industrial Radiographic Testing.

4. ÀÊÓÑÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÍÅÐÀÇÐÓØÀÞÙÈÉ ÊÎÍÒÐÎËÜ

4.1. Ìåõàíè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè

4.1.1. Îäíîðîäíàÿ ñðåäà (Homogeneous medium) - ñðåäà, ñâîéñòâà êîòîðîé â ëþáîì âûäåëåííîì îáúåìå îäèíàêîâû.

4.1.2. Óïðóãîñòü (Elasticity) - ñâîéñòâî òåë âîññòàíàâëèâàòü ñâîþ ôîðìó ïîñëå ïðåêðàùåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ âûçûâàþùèõ äåôîðìàöèþ ñèë.

4.1.3. Óïðóãîå òåëî (Elastic body) - òåëî, îáëàäàþùåå ñâîéñòâîì óïðóãîñòè.

4.1.4. Óïðóãàÿ ñðåäà (Elastic medium) - ñðåäà, ëþáîé âûäåëåííûé îáúåì êîòîðîé îáëàäàåò ñâîéñòâîì óïðóãîñòè.

4.1.5. Èçîòðîïíûé ìàòåðèàë (èçîòðîïíàÿ ñðåäà) (Isotropic material, isotropic medium) - ìàòåðèàë (ñðåäà), ñâîéñòâà êîòîðîãî (êîòîðîé) âî âñåõ íàïðàâëåíèÿõ îäèíàêîâû.

4.1.6. Óïðóãàÿ àíèçîòðîïèÿ (Elastic anisotropy) - çàâèñèìîñòü óïðóãèõ ñâîéñòâ ìàòåðèàëà îò íàïðàâëåíèÿ.

4.1.7. Ëèíåéíûé ýëåìåíò òåëà (Linear element of a body) - âûäåëåííûé è öåëèêîì ðàñïîëîæåííûé â òâåðäîì òåëå îòðåçîê ïðÿìîé.

4.1.8. Äåôîðìàöèÿ òâåðäîãî òåëà, äåôîðìàöèÿ (Deformation of solid) - èçìåíåíèå ðàçìåðîâ è (èëè) ôîðìû òâåðäîãî òåëà.

4.1.9. Äåôîðìàöèÿ ðàñòÿæåíèÿ-ñæàòèÿ (Tension-compression strain) - äåôîðìàöèÿ, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ îòíîñèòåëüíûì èçìåíåíèåì äëèíû ëèíåéíîãî ýëåìåíòà òåëà.

4.1.10. Äåôîðìàöèÿ ñäâèãà (Shear strain) - äåôîðìàöèÿ, ïðè êîòîðîé ïðîèñõîäèò ïîâîðîò ëèíåéíîãî ýëåìåíòà òåëà áåç èçìåíåíèÿ åãî äëèíû. Ïðè ìàëûõ äåôîðìàöèÿõ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ óãëîì ïîâîðîòà ëèíåéíîãî ýëåìåíòà (â ðàäèàíàõ). Äåôîðìàöèÿ ñäâèãà íå ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ èçìåíåíèåì îáúåìà òåëà.

4.1.11. Äåôîðìàöèÿ óïðóãàÿ (Elastic deformation) - äåôîðìàöèÿ, èñ÷åçàþùàÿ ïîñëå ïðåêðàùåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ âûçâàâøèõ åå âíåøíèõ ñèë [15].

4.1.12. Äåôîðìàöèÿ ïëàñòè÷åñêàÿ (Plastic deformation) - äåôîðìàöèÿ, ñîõðàíÿþùàÿñÿ ïîñëå ïðåêðàùåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ âûçâàâøèõ åå âíåøíèõ ñèë [15].

4.1.13. Òåíçîð äåôîðìàöèè (Tensor of deformation) - òåíçîð âòîðîãî ðàíãà, êîìïîíåíòû êîòîðîãî ÿâëÿþòñÿ äåôîðìàöèÿìè ðàñòÿæåíèÿ-ñæàòèÿ è ñäâèãà ýëåìåíòàðíîãî îáúåìà (ñîñòàâëåííîãî èç äåêàðòîâûõ êîîðäèíàòíûõ ïëîñêîñòåé) òâåðäîãî òåëà è îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ÷åðåç ïðîèçâîäíûå âåêòîðû ñìåùåíèÿ ïî ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûì êîîðäèíàòàì.

4.1.14. Ñèëà îáîáùåííàÿ (Generalized force) - ìåðà âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ òåë. ßâëÿåòñÿ ïðè÷èíîé âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ èëè èçìåíåíèÿ õàðàêòåðà äâèæåíèÿ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ è àêóñòè÷åñêèõ êîëåáàòåëüíûõ ñèñòåìàõ îáîáùåííûìè ñèëàìè ìîãóò áûòü ñîñðåäîòî÷åííàÿ è ðàñïðåäåëåííàÿ ñèëà, ìîìåíò ñèë è äðóãèå âîçäåéñòâèÿ.

4.1.15. Ñèëà ìåõàíè÷åñêàÿ, ñèëà (Mechanical force) - ìåðà ìåõàíè÷åñêîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ òåë. ßâëÿåòñÿ âåêòîðîì. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Í.

4.1.16. Ñèëà âíåøíÿÿ (External force) - ñèëà, äåéñòâóþùàÿ íà ðàññìàòðèâàåìîå òåëî ñî ñòîðîíû äðóãèõ òåë. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Í.

4.1.17. Ñèëà âíóòðåííÿÿ (Internal force) - ñèëà âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ìåæäó ÷àñòÿìè ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî òåëà. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Í.

4.1.18. Ñèëà óïðóãàÿ (Elastic force) - âíóòðåííÿÿ ñèëà, âîçíèêàþùàÿ â óïðóãîì òåëå (óïðóãîé ñðåäå) âñëåäñòâèå åãî (åå) äåôîðìàöèè. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Í.

4.1.19. Íàïðÿæåíèå (Stress) - ïðîèçâîäíàÿ âåêòîðà äåéñòâóþùåé â òâåðäîì òåëå âíóòðåííåé ñèëû ïî ïëîùàäè îïðåäåëåííî îðèåíòèðîâàííîé ïîâåðõíîñòè, ïðîõîäÿùåé ÷åðåç ðàññìàòðèâàåìóþ òî÷êó. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ïà.

4.1.20. Íàïðÿæåíèå íîðìàëüíîå (Normal stress) - ïðîåêöèÿ âåêòîðà íàïðÿæåíèÿ íà íîðìàëü ê ïîâåðõíîñòè, ïðîõîäÿùåé ÷åðåç ðàññìàòðèâàåìóþ òî÷êó. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ïà.

4.1.21. Íàïðÿæåíèå òàíãåíöèàëüíîå (Tangential stress, shear stress) - ïðîåêöèÿ âåêòîðà íàïðÿæåíèÿ íà ïëîñêîñòü, êàñàòåëüíóþ ê ïîâåðõíîñòè, ïðîõîäÿùåé ÷åðåç ðàññìàòðèâàåìóþ òî÷êó. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ïà.

4.1.22. Äàâëåíèå (Pressure):

äëÿ òâåðäîãî òåëà - ïðîèçâîäíàÿ âåêòîðà äåéñòâóþùåé íà òâåðäîå òåëî âíåøíåé ñèëû ïî ïëîùàäè îãðàíè÷èâàþùåé òåëî ïîâåðõíîñòè. ßâëÿåòñÿ âåêòîðîì. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ïà;

äëÿ æèäêèõ è ãàçîîáðàçíûõ ñðåä - ïðîèçâîäíàÿ âåêòîðà äåéñòâóþùåé â ñðåäå ñèëû ïî ïëîùàäè âûáðàííîé ïîâåðõíîñòè. ßâëÿåòñÿ ñêàëÿðîì, òàê êàê òîëüêî íîðìàëüíàÿ êîìïîíåíòà âåêòîðà îòëè÷íà îò íóëÿ. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ïà.

4.1.23. Òåíçîð íàïðÿæåíèÿ (Tensor of stress) - òåíçîð âòîðîãî ðàíãà, êîìïîíåíòû êîòîðîãî â äåêàðòîâîé ñèñòåìå êîîðäèíàò ÿâëÿþòñÿ íîðìàëüíûìè è òàíãåíöèàëüíûìè íàïðÿæåíèÿìè, äåéñòâóþùèìè íà ïîâåðõíîñòè òðåõ îðòîãîíàëüíûõ (êîîðäèíàòíûõ) ïëîñêîñòåé.

4.1.24. Ïðåäåë ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíîñòè (Limit of proportionality) - ìåõàíè÷åñêîå íàïðÿæåíèå, ïðè íàãðóæåíèè äî êîòîðîãî äåôîðìàöèè âîçðàñòàþò ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî íàïðÿæåíèÿì (âûïîëíÿåòñÿ çàêîí Ãóêà). Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ïà.

4.1.25. Ïðåäåë óïðóãîñòè (Limit of elasticity) - ìàêñèìàëüíîå ìåõàíè÷åñêîå íàïðÿæåíèå, ïðåâûøàþùåå ïðåäåë ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíîñòè, ïðè íàãðóæåíèè äî êîòîðîãî ñ ïîñëåäóþùèì ñíÿòèåì íàãðóçêè ïëàñòè÷åñêàÿ (îñòàòî÷íàÿ) äåôîðìàöèÿ íå âîçíèêàåò. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ïà.

4.1.26. Ïðåäåë òåêó÷åñòè (Yield strength) - ìåõàíè÷åñêîå íàïðÿæåíèå, ïðè êîòîðîì óâåëè÷åíèå äåôîðìàöèè ïðîèñõîäèò ïðè ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåèçìåííîì íàïðÿæåíèè. Ýòî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ãîðèçîíòàëüíîìó ó÷àñòêó äèàãðàììû íàïðÿæåíèå-äåôîðìàöèÿ. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ïà.

4.1.27. Ïðåäåë ïðî÷íîñòè (Ultimate strength) - îòíîøåíèå ìàêñèìàëüíîé ñèëû, êîòîðóþ ñïîñîáåí âûäåðæàòü îáðàçåö, ê íà÷àëüíîé ïëîùàäè åãî ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñå÷åíèÿ. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ïà.

4.1.28. Âðåìåííîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå (Rupture limit, ultimate strength) - ïðåäåë ïðî÷íîñòè ïðè ðàñòÿæåíèè [16]. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ïà.

4.1.29. Àäãåçèîííàÿ ïðî÷íîñòü (Adhesive strength) - ïðî÷íîñòü êëååâîãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ, îïðåäåëÿþùàÿñÿ ñèëàìè ñöåïëåíèÿ êëåÿ ñ ñîåäèíÿåìûì èì ìàòåðèàëîì. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ïà.

4.1.30. Êîãåçèîííàÿ ïðî÷íîñòü (Cohesive strength) - ïðî÷íîñòü êëååâîãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ, îïðåäåëÿþùàÿñÿ ñèëàìè ñöåïëåíèÿ ìîëåêóë êëåÿ ìåæäó ñîáîé. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ïà.

4.2. Óïðóãèå êîëåáàíèÿ

4.2.1. Êîëåáàíèå (Oscillation) - äâèæåíèå (èçìåíåíèå ñîñòîÿíèÿ), õàðàêòåðèçóþùååñÿ òîé èëè èíîé ñòåïåíüþ ïîâòîðÿåìîñòè âî âðåìåíè.

4.2.2. Êîëåáàòåëüíàÿ âåëè÷èíà (Oscillating value) - ïàðàìåòð, èçìåíÿþùèéñÿ ïðè êîëåáàíèè. Äëÿ ìåõàíè÷åñêîãî êîëåáàíèÿ òàêèìè ïàðàìåòðàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñìåùåíèå, êîëåáàòåëüíàÿ ñêîðîñòü, ïîòåíöèàëû ñìåùåíèÿ è êîëåáàòåëüíîé ñêîðîñòè, ñèëà, àêóñòè÷åñêîå äàâëåíèå, êîìïîíåíòû òåíçîðà íàïðÿæåíèé èëè äåôîðìàöèè.

4.2.3. Êîëåáàíèå ïåðèîäè÷åñêîå (Periodic oscillation) - ïîâòîðåíèå â ïðîöåññå êîëåáàíèÿ çíà÷åíèé êîëåáàòåëüíûõ âåëè÷èí ÷åðåç ðàâíûå ïðîìåæóòêè âðåìåíè.

4.2.4. Êîëåáàòåëüíàÿ ñèñòåìà (Oscillating system) - ñèñòåìà, â êîòîðîé ïðîèñõîäÿò êîëåáàíèÿ ëþáîé ôèçè÷åñêîé ïðèðîäû (ìåõàíè÷åñêèå, ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå, ýëåêòðîìåõàíè÷åñêèå è ò.ï.).

4.2.5. Ñîñòîÿíèå ðàâíîâåñèÿ (Equilibrium) - ñîñòîÿíèå êîëåáàòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû, â êîòîðîì îíà ìîæåò îñòàâàòüñÿ íåîãðàíè÷åííî äîëãî â îòñóòñòâèå äåéñòâèÿ îáîáùåííûõ ñèë.

4.2.6. Óïðóãèå êîëåáàíèÿ (Elastic oscillations, vibrations) - êîëåáàíèÿ, ñîâåðøàåìûå â óïðóãîì òåëå èëè â óïðóãîé ñðåäå è îáóñëîâëåííûå äåéñòâèåì óïðóãèõ ñèë.

4.2.7. Ñìåùåíèå (Displacement) - îòêëîíåíèå ýëåìåíòà êîëåáàòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû ñ ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûìè ïîñòîÿííûìè èëè ÷àñòèöû ñðåäû ñèñòåìû ñ ðàñïðåäåëåííûìè ïîñòîÿííûìè îò ïîëîæåíèÿ ðàâíîâåñèÿ.  îáùåì ñëó÷àå ÿâëÿåòñÿ âåêòîðîì. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ì.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  ëèòåðàòóðå âñòðå÷àåòñÿ òàêæå òåðìèí «ïåðåìåùåíèå», ÿâëÿþùèéñÿ ñèíîíèìîì ñìåùåíèÿ.

4.2.8. Êîëåáàòåëüíàÿ ñêîðîñòü (Particle velocity) - ñêîðîñòü ýëåìåíòà êîëåáàòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû ñ ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûìè ïîñòîÿííûìè èëè ÷àñòèöû ñðåäû ñèñòåìû ñ ðàñïðåäåëåííûìè ïîñòîÿííûìè îòíîñèòåëüíî ïîëîæåíèÿ ðàâíîâåñèÿ, ðàâíàÿ ïðîèçâîäíîé ñìåùåíèÿ ïî âðåìåíè. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ì/ñ.

4.2.9. Öèêë êîëåáàíèÿ (Oscillation cycle) - ñîâîêóïíîñòü ñîñòîÿíèé êîëåáàòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû, îãðàíè÷åííàÿ ñîñòîÿíèÿìè, â êîòîðûõ êîëåáàòåëüíàÿ âåëè÷èíà èìååò ëîêàëüíûå ìàêñèìóìû èëè ìèíèìóìû.

4.2.10. Ïåðèîä êîëåáàíèÿ (Period):

1. Íàèìåíüøèé ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè, çà êîòîðûé ñîâåðøàåòñÿ îäèí öèêë êîëåáàíèÿ. Äëÿ ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ êîëåáàíèé - âðåìÿ, çà êîòîðîå ñîâåðøàåòñÿ îäíî ïîëíîå êîëåáàíèå. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ñ.

2. Âðåìÿ, çà êîòîðîå ñîâåðøàåòñÿ îäèí ïîëíûé öèêë êîëåáàíèÿ. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ñ [10].

4.2.11. Àìïëèòóäà (Amplitude) - ìàêñèìàëüíîå îòêëîíåíèå êîëåáàòåëüíîé âåëè÷èíû îò çíà÷åíèÿ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî ïîëîæåíèþ ðàâíîâåñèÿ, çà ïåðèîä êîëåáàíèé.

4.2.12. ×àñòîòà êîëåáàíèé, ÷àñòîòà (Oscillation frequency, frequency) - êîëè÷åñòâî ïåðèîäîâ (öèêëîâ) êîëåáàíèé â åäèíèöó âðåìåíè (îáû÷íî â ñåêóíäó). Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ãö (Ãåðö).

1 Ãö - 1 ïåðèîä â ñåêóíäó, 1 êÃö - 1000 ïåðèîäîâ â ñåêóíäó, 1 ÌÃö - 1000000 ïåðèîäîâ â ñåêóíäó [10].

4.2.13. Êðóãîâàÿ ÷àñòîòà, óãëîâàÿ ÷àñòîòà, öèêëè÷åñêàÿ ÷àñòîòà (Angular frequency) - âåëè÷èíà ω=2πf=2π/Ò, ãäå f - ÷àñòîòà, Ò - ïåðèîä êîëåáàíèÿ.

4.2.14. Çâóêîâàÿ ÷àñòîòà (Audio frequency) - ÷àñòîòà, âîñïðèíèìàåìàÿ óõîì ÷åëîâåêà è ëåæàùàÿ â äèàïàçîíå ïðèìåðíî îò 16 Ãö äî 20 êÃö. Âåðõíþþ ãðàíèöó çâóêîâîé ÷àñòîòû óñëîâíî ïðèíèìàþò ðàâíîé 20 êÃö. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ãö.

4.2.15. Óëüòðàçâóêîâàÿ ÷àñòîòà (Ultrasonic frequency) - ÷àñòîòà, ïðåâûøàþùàÿ ïðåäåë ñëûøèìîñòè ÷åëîâå÷åñêîãî óõà. Íèæíþþ ãðàíèöó óëüòðàçâóêîâîé ÷àñòîòû ïðèíèìàþò ðàâíîé 20 êÃö, âåðõíþþ - 1 ÃÃö=109 Ãö. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ãö.

4.2.16. Ôàçà êîëåáàíèÿ (Phase):

1. Ìãíîâåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå êîëåáàíèÿ, âûðàæåííîå ÷åðåç çíà÷åíèå àðãóìåíòà îïèñûâàþùåé åãî ñèíóñîèäàëüíîé ôóíêöèè. Åäèíèöû èçìåðåíèÿ ðàäèàíû èëè ãðàäóñû.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Òåðìèí ïðèìåíèì òîëüêî äëÿ êîëåáàíèé, îïèñûâàåìûõ çàêîíîì, ñîäåðæàùèì ñèíóñîèäàëüíóþ ôóíêöèþ âðåìåíè.

2. Ìãíîâåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå êîëåáàíèÿ, âûðàæåííîå ÷åðåç çíà÷åíèå óãëà â ðàäèàíàõ [10].

4.2.17. Âûíóæäåííûå êîëåáàíèÿ (Forced oscillations, constrained oscillations) - êîëåáàíèÿ, ïðîèñõîäÿùèå ïîä ïåðèîäè÷åñêèì âîçäåéñòâèåì âíåøíåé îáîáùåííîé ñèëû.

4.2.18. Ñâîáîäíûå êîëåáàíèÿ (Free oscillations, free vibrations) - êîëåáàíèÿ âûâåäåííîé èç ïîëîæåíèÿ ðàâíîâåñèÿ ñèñòåìû ïîñëå ïðåêðàùåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ âíåøíèõ îáîáùåííûõ ñèë.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Òåðìèí vibrations îòíîñèòñÿ òîëüêî ê ìåõàíè÷åñêèì êîëåáàíèÿì.

4.2.19. Ãàðìîíè÷åñêîå êîëåáàíèå (Harmonical oscillation) - êîëåáàíèå ñ ïîñòîÿííîé àìïëèòóäîé, ïðè êîòîðîì êîëåáàòåëüíàÿ âåëè÷èíà ìåíÿåòñÿ ïî ñèíóñîèäàëüíîìó çàêîíó.

4.2.20. Ëèíåéíàÿ êîëåáàòåëüíàÿ ñèñòåìà (Linear oscillating system) - êîëåáàòåëüíàÿ ñèñòåìà, óïðóãèå ñâîéñòâà êîòîðîé íå çàâèñÿò îò àìïëèòóäû êîëåáàíèé.

4.2.21. Íåëèíåéíàÿ êîëåáàòåëüíàÿ ñèñòåìà (Non-linear oscillating system) - êîëåáàòåëüíàÿ ñèñòåìà, óïðóãèå ñâîéñòâà êîòîðîé çàâèñÿò îò àìïëèòóäû êîëåáàíèé.

4.2.22. Ìåõàíè÷åñêèé èìïåäàíñ (Mechanical impedance) - îòíîøåíèå àìïëèòóäû ñèëû, äåéñòâóþùåé íà ïîâåðõíîñòè (èëè â òî÷êå) ìåõàíè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû ê àìïëèòóäå êîëåáàòåëüíîé ñêîðîñòè â íàïðàâëåíèè ñèëû. Àìïëèòóäû ñèëû è ñêîðîñòè ïðåäñòàâëÿþòñÿ â êîìïëåêñíîé ôîðìå. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Í∙ñ/ì.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  îòëè÷èå îò óäåëüíîãî âîëíîâîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ñðåäû è àêóñòè÷åñêîãî èìïåäàíñà ìåõàíè÷åñêèé èìïåäàíñ íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ óäåëüíîé âåëè÷èíîé è èìååò äðóãóþ ðàçìåðíîñòü.

4.2.23. Ìàññà (Mass) - ìåðà èíåðöèè. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ êã.

4.2.24. Ãèáêîñòü, ïîäàòëèâîñòü (Flexibility, compliance) - îòíîøåíèå ñìåùåíèÿ ýëåìåíòà óïðóãîñòè ê äåéñòâóþùåé íà ýòîò ýëåìåíò ñèëå. Âåëè÷èíà, îáðàòíàÿ æåñòêîñòè. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ì/Í.

4.2.25. Æåñòêîñòü (Stiffness) - îòíîøåíèå âîçáóæäàþùåé ñèëû ê âûçûâàåìîìó åþ ñìåùåíèþ ýëåìåíòà óïðóãîñòè. Âåëè÷èíà, îáðàòíàÿ ãèáêîñòè. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Í/ì.

4.2.26. Àêòèâíîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå (Active resistance) - äåéñòâèòåëüíàÿ ñîñòàâëÿþùàÿ êîìïëåêñíîãî ìåõàíè÷åñêîãî èìïåäàíñà ñèñòåìû, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿ ïîòåðè â íåé. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ 1 Í∙ñ/ì=1 êã/ñ.

4.2.27. Èíåðöèîííîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå (Inertial Impedance) - ÷àñòü ìíèìîé ñîñòàâëÿþùåé êîìïëåêñíîãî ìåõàíè÷åñêîãî èìïåäàíñà ñèñòåìû, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿ âåëè÷èíó åå êèíåòè÷åñêîé ýíåðãèè. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Í∙ñ/ì=1 êã/ñ.

4.2.28. Óïðóãîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå (Elastic impedance) - ÷àñòü ìíèìîé ñîñòàâëÿþùåé êîìïëåêñíîãî ìåõàíè÷åñêîãî èìïåäàíñà ñèñòåìû, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿ âåëè÷èíó åå ïîòåíöèàëüíîé ýíåðãèè. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ 1 Í∙ñ/ì=1 êã/ñ.

4.2.29. Ñèñòåìà ñ ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûìè ïîñòîÿííûìè (System with lumped parameters) - ñèñòåìà, êàæäûé ýëåìåíò êîòîðîé îáëàäàåò òîëüêî îäíèì ñâîéñòâîì - ìàññîé, óïðóãîñòüþ èëè àêòèâíûì ñîïðîòèâëåíèåì.

4.2.30. Ñèñòåìà ñ ðàñïðåäåëåííûìè ïîñòîÿííûìè (System with distributed parameters) - ñèñòåìà, êàæäûé ýëåìåíò êîòîðîé îáëàäàåò îäíîâðåìåííî ìàññîé, óïðóãîñòüþ è àêòèâíûì ñîïðîòèâëåíèåì.

4.2.31. Ñîáñòâåííàÿ ÷àñòîòà (Natural frequency) - ÷àñòîòà ñâîáîäíûõ êîëåáàíèé ñèñòåìû. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ãö.

4.2.32. Îñíîâíàÿ ÷àñòîòà, ïåðâàÿ ãàðìîíèêà (Fundamental frequency, first harmonic) - íèçøàÿ ñîáñòâåííàÿ ÷àñòîòà êîëåáàòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ãö.

4.2.33. Ãàðìîíèêà (Harmonic) - ñîáñòâåííàÿ ÷àñòîòà, êðàòíàÿ îñíîâíîé ÷àñòîòå. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ãö.

4.2.34. Ðåçîíàíñíàÿ ÷àñòîòà (Resonance frequency) - ÷àñòîòà, íà êîòîðîé âõîäíîé ìåõàíè÷åñêèé èìïåäàíñ êîëåáàòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû ÷èñòî àêòèâíûé è èìååò ìèíèìàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ãö.

4.2.35. Àíòèðåçîíàíñíàÿ ÷àñòîòà (Antiresonance frequency) - ÷àñòîòà, íà êîòîðîé ìåõàíè÷åñêèé èìïåäàíñ êîëåáàòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû ÷èñòî àêòèâíûé è èìååò ìàêñèìàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ãö.

4.2.36. Îáåðòîí (Overtone) - ñîáñòâåííàÿ ÷àñòîòà, ïðåâûøàþùàÿ îñíîâíóþ ÷àñòîòó â íåöåëîå ÷èñëî ðàç. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ãö.

4.2.37. Äîáðîòíîñòü (Quality factor, Q-factor):

1. Êîëè÷åñòâåííàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïîòåðü êîëåáàòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû ïðè ðåçîíàíñå, ðàâíàÿ

,

ãäå Wê - ïîëíûé çàïàñ ýíåðãèè êîëåáàíèé ïðè ðåçîíàíñå;

Wï - ïîòåðè ýíåðãèè çà ïåðèîä [20].

2. Êîëè÷åñòâåííàÿ ìåðà ïîòåðü êîëåáàòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû. Ïîêàçûâàåò, âî ñêîëüêî ðàç àìïëèòóäà âûíóæäåííûõ êîëåáàíèé ïðè ðåçîíàíñå ïðåâûøàåò àìïëèòóäó íà ÷àñòîòå, ìíîãî ìåíüøåé ðåçîíàíñíîé ïðè îäèíàêîâîé âíåøíåé ñèëå.

3. Îòíîøåíèå ðåçîíàíñíîé ÷àñòîòû ñïåêòðà êîëåáàíèé ê åãî øèðèíå íà óðîâíå 0,707 îò ìàêñèìàëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ àìïëèòóäû ñïåêòðà.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Îïðåäåëåíèÿ 2 è 3 ÿâëÿþòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî òî÷íûìè äëÿ ñèñòåì ñ âûñîêîé äîáðîòíîñòüþ (Q > (5-10)), îïðåäåëåíèå 1 ïðèãîäíî âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ.

4.2.38. Êîýôôèöèåíò çàòóõàíèÿ (ïî âðåìåíè) (Attenuation coefficient) - êîëè÷åñòâåííàÿ ìåðà ïîòåðü êîëåáàòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû - êîýôôèöèåíò, îïðåäåëÿþùèé ñêîðîñòü óìåíüøåíèÿ àìïëèòóäû ñâîáîäíûõ êîëåáàíèé âî âðåìåíè. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ñ-1.

4.2.39. Ëîãàðèôìè÷åñêèé äåêðåìåíò çàòóõàíèÿ, äåêðåìåíò çàòóõàíèÿ (Logarithmic decrement) - êîëè÷åñòâåííàÿ ìåðà ïîòåðü êîëåáàòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû, îïðåäåëÿåìàÿ êàê íàòóðàëüíûé ëîãàðèôì îòíîøåíèÿ àìïëèòóä ñâîáîäíî çàòóõàþùèõ êîëåáàíèé â ìîìåíòû âðåìåíè t è t+Ò.

.

Ïðè ìàëûõ ïîòåðÿõ â ñèñòåìå óäîáíî ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ôîðìóëîé

,

ãäå Ò - ïåðèîä êîëåáàíèé;

ï - ÷èñëî ïåðèîäîâ.

4.3. Óïðóãèå âîëíû

4.3.1. Îñíîâíûå ïîíÿòèÿ

4.3.1.1. Óïðóãàÿ âîëíà, àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ âîëíà (Elastic wave, acoustic wave):

1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùèåñÿ â ñðåäå óïðóãèå êîëåáàíèÿ.

2. Ïåðåäà÷à ýíåðãèè ÷åðåç óïðóãóþ ñðåäó ñ ïîìîùüþ êîëåáàíèé åå ÷àñòèö [10].

4.3.1.2. Óëüòðàçâóêîâàÿ âîëíà (Ultrasonic wave) - óïðóãàÿ âîëíà, ÷àñòîòà êîòîðîé ïðåâûøàåò ïîðîã ñëûøèìîñòè ÷åëîâå÷åñêîãî óõà (îáû÷íî âûøå 20 êÃö) [10].

4.3.1.3. Çâóêîâàÿ âîëíà (Audio-frequency wave, sonic wave) - óïðóãàÿ âîëíà, ÷àñòîòà êîòîðîé ëåæèò â çâóêîâîì äèàïàçîíå (óñëîâíî îò 16 Ãö äî 20 êÃö).

4.3.1.4. Àêóñòè÷åñêîå äàâëåíèå, çâóêîâîå äàâëåíèå (Sound pressure) - ïåðåìåííàÿ ñîñòàâëÿþùàÿ äàâëåíèÿ (äëÿ òâåðäûõ òåë - íàïðÿæåíèÿ), âîçíèêàþùàÿ â ñðåäå ïðè ïðîõîæäåíèè óïðóãîé âîëíû. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ 1 Ïà=1 Í/ì2 [14].

4.3.1.5. Êîëåáàòåëüíàÿ ñêîðîñòü (Particle velocity) - ñêîðîñòü ñìåùåíèÿ ÷àñòèöû ñðåäû îòíîñèòåëüíî ïîëîæåíèÿ ðàâíîâåñèÿ. Ðàâíà ïðîèçâîäíîé ñìåùåíèÿ ïî âðåìåíè. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ì/ñ.

4.3.1.6. Ñêîðîñòü çâóêà, ñêîðîñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ àêóñòè÷åñêèõ âîëí (Sound velocity, velocity of propagation):

1. Ñêîðîñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ óïðóãîé âîëíû â ñðåäå. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ì/ñ.

2. Ôàçîâàÿ èëè ãðóïïîâàÿ ñêîðîñòü àêóñòè÷åñêîé âîëíû â íåäèñïåðñèîííîì ìàòåðèàëå äëÿ äàííîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ [10].

4.3.1.7. Àìïëèòóäà âîëíû (Wave amplitude) - ìàêñèìàëüíîå îòêëîíåíèå êîëåáàòåëüíîé âåëè÷èíû îò íóëåâîãî çíà÷åíèÿ íà îïðåäåëåííîì âðåìåííîì èëè ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîì ïðîìåæóòêå (äëÿ ãàðìîíè÷åñêîé âîëíû ýòè ïðîìåæóòêè - ïåðèîä èëè äëèíà âîëíû).

4.3.1.8. Èíòåíñèâíîñòü âîëíû (Wave intensity) - ñðåäíÿÿ ïî âðåìåíè ýíåðãèÿ, ïåðåíîñèìàÿ âîëíîé â åäèíèöó âðåìåíè ÷åðåç åäèíè÷íóþ ïëîùàäêó, ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíóþ ê íàïðàâëåíèþ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âîëíû [14]. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Âò/ì2.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Èíòåíñèâíîñòü âîëíû ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíà êâàäðàòó åå àìïëèòóäû.

4.3.1.9. Äëèíà âîëíû (Wavelength) - ðàññòîÿíèå, ïðîõîäèìîå óïðóãîé âîëíîé çà âðåìÿ, ðàâíîå îäíîìó ïîëíîìó ïåðèîäó êîëåáàíèé [10]. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ì.

4.3.1.10. Áåãóùàÿ âîëíà (Running wave):

1. Óïðóãàÿ âîëíà, ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùàÿñÿ â îïðåäåëåííîì íàïðàâëåíèè.

2. Âîëíà, ïåðåíîñÿùàÿ ýíåðãèþ â ïðîñòðàíñòâå [15].

4.3.1.11. Ñòîÿ÷àÿ âîëíà (Standing wave, stationary wave):

1. Âîëíà, âîçíèêàþùàÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå íàëîæåíèÿ (èíòåðôåðåíöèè) äâóõ ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùèõñÿ â ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûõ íàïðàâëåíèÿõ âîëí ñ îäèíàêîâûìè ÷àñòîòàìè è àìïëèòóäàìè, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ íåïîäâèæíûìè óçëàìè è ïó÷íîñòÿìè.

2. Âçàèìîäåéñòâèå öóãîâ âîëí, ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùèõñÿ â ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûõ íàïðàâëåíèÿõ, õàðàêòåðèçóþùååñÿ íåïîäâèæíûìè óçëàìè è ïó÷íîñòÿìè [10].

4.3.1.12. Âîëíîâîå ÷èñëî (Wave number) - âåëè÷èíà, îïðåäåëÿþùàÿ èçìåíåíèå ôàçû âîëíû ïðè ïðîõîæäåíèè åþ åäèíèöû ïóòè â ñðåäå, ðàâíàÿ îòíîøåíèþ êðóãîâîé ÷àñòîòû ω ê ñêîðîñòè ñ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âîëíû: k/ñ. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ì-1.

4.3.1.13. Âîëíîâîé âåêòîð (Wave vector) - âåêòîð, ðàâíûé ïî ìîäóëþ âîëíîâîìó ÷èñëó è íàïðàâëåííûé âäîëü ëó÷à â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé òî÷êå [15].

4.3.1.14. Íåîäíîðîäíàÿ âîëíà (Inhomogeneous wave) - âîëíà, àìïëèòóäà êîòîðîé ýêñïîíåíöèàëüíî óáûâàåò â îïðåäåëåííîì íàïðàâëåíèè, ïðîåêöèÿ âîëíîâîãî âåêòîðà íà êîòîðîå èìååò ìíèìóþ ñîñòàâëÿþùóþ, íå ñâÿçàííóþ ñ êîýôôèöèåíòîì çàòóõàíèÿ â ñðåäå.

4.3.1.15. Äèôðàêöèÿ (Diffraction) - ñîâîêóïíîñòü ÿâëåíèé, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ îòêëîíåíèåì ïîâåäåíèÿ àêóñòè÷åñêèõ âîëí îò çàêîíîâ ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîé (ëó÷åâîé) àêóñòèêè, îáóñëîâëåííûì âîëíîâîé ïðèðîäîé óïðóãèõ âîëí. Äèôðàêöèÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ, íàïðèìåð, ïðè èçëó÷åíèè âîëí èñòî÷íèêîì îãðàíè÷åííûõ ðàçìåðîâ, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè âîëí â ñðåäàõ ñ ðåçêî âûðàæåííûìè íåîäíîðîäíîñòÿìè, îãèáàíèè ïðåïÿòñòâèé è ò.ï.

4.3.1.16. Èíòåðôåðåíöèÿ âîëí (Wave interference):

1. ßâëåíèå, ñîñòîÿùåå â îñëàáëåíèè èëè óñèëåíèè àìïëèòóä êîëåáàíèé ïðè ñëîæåíèè äâóõ è áîëüøåãî ÷èñëà âîëí îäèíàêîâîé ÷àñòîòû â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñîîòíîøåíèÿ èõ ôàç.

2. ßâëåíèå, ñîñòîÿùåå â âîçíèêíîâåíèè ìàêñèìóìîâ è ìèíèìóìîâ çâóêîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ ïðè ñëîæåíèè äâóõ è áîëüøåãî ÷èñëà âîëí îäèíàêîâîé ÷àñòîòû, íî îòëè÷àþùèõñÿ ïî ôàçå è íàïðàâëåíèþ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ [10].

4.3.1.17. Ôàçà âîëíû (Wave phase) - ñîñòîÿíèå âîëíîâîãî ïðîöåññà, âûðàæåííîå ÷åðåç çíà÷åíèå àðãóìåíòà îïèñûâàþùåé åãî ñèíóñîèäàëüíîé ôóíêöèè.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Äëÿ âîëíû, â îïèñàíèè êîòîðîé íåëüçÿ âûäåëèòü ñèíóñîèäàëüíóþ ôóíêöèþ, ïîíÿòèå «ôàçà» íåïðèìåíèìî. Ïðèìåðîì ìîæåò ñëóæèòü âîëíà â âèäå êîðîòêîãî èìïóëüñà.

4.3.1.18. Ôðîíò âîëíû (Wavefront):

1. Äëÿ íåïðåðûâíîé (êâàçèíåïðåðûâíîé) âîëíû - íåïðåðûâíàÿ ïîâåðõíîñòü, ñîåäèíÿþùàÿ âñå òî÷êè ñðåäû, â êîòîðûõ â ðàññìàòðèâàåìûé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè ôàçà âîëíû èìååò îäíî è òî æå çíà÷åíèå.

Äëÿ âîëíû â âèäå êîðîòêîãî èìïóëüñà - íåïðåðûâíàÿ ïîâåðõíîñòü, îáðàçîâàííàÿ ïåðåäíèì êðàåì âîëíû, íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ãðàíè÷àùèì ñ íåâîçìóùåííîé ñðåäîé (ñì. ïðèìå÷àíèå ê ï. 4.1.17).

2. Íåïðåðûâíàÿ ïîâåðõíîñòü, ñîåäèíÿþùàÿ âñå òî÷êè âîëíû, íàõîäÿùèåñÿ â îäíîé ôàçå êîëåáàíèé [10].

4.3.1.19. Ëó÷ (Ray, beam) - ëèíèÿ, ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíàÿ ôðîíòó âîëíû è îïðåäåëÿþùàÿ íàïðàâëåíèå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âîëíû â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé òî÷êå.

4.3.1.20. Âîëíîâîé ïàêåò, öóã âîëí (Wave train) - ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü íåïðåðûâíûõ óïðóãèõ âîëí, èñõîäÿùèõ èç îäíîãî èñòî÷íèêà è ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùèõñÿ â îäíîì íàïðàâëåíèè.

4.3.2. Òèïû âîëí

4.3.2.1. Ïëîñêàÿ âîëíà (Plane wave):

1. Âîëíà ñ ïëîñêèìè ôðîíòàìè.

2. Âîëíà, â êîòîðîé ÷àñòèöû ñ îäíîé ôàçîé ëåæàò íà ïëîñêèõ ïàðàëëåëüíûõ ïîâåðõíîñòÿõ [10].

4.3.2.2. Ñôåðè÷åñêàÿ âîëíà (Spherical wave) - âîëíà ñî ñôåðè÷åñêèìè ôðîíòàìè [10].

4.3.2.3. Öèëèíäðè÷åñêàÿ âîëíà (Cylindrical wave) - âîëíà ñ öèëèíäðè÷åñêèìè ôðîíòàìè [10].

4.3.2.4. Ïðîäîëüíàÿ âîëíà, âîëíà ñæàòèÿ-ðàçðåæåíèÿ (Longitudinal wave, compressional wave).

1. Âîëíà, â êîòîðîé íàïðàâëåíèÿ êîëåáàíèé ÷àñòèö ñðåäû ñîâïàäàþò ñ íàïðàâëåíèåì ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âîëíû.

2. Âîëíà, â êîòîðîé ÷àñòèöû ñðåäû êîëåáëþòñÿ â íàïðàâëåíèè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âîëíû [10].

Ðèñ. 1. Õàðàêòåð êîëåáàíèé ÷àñòèö â ïðîäîëüíîé (à) è ïîïåðå÷íîé (á) âîëíàõ:

À - íàïðàâëåíèå êîëåáàíèé; λ - äëèíà âîëíû; õ – íàïðàâëåíèå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âîëíû

4.3.2.5. Ïîïåðå÷íàÿ âîëíà, ñäâèãîâàÿ âîëíà (Transverse wave, shear wave) - âîëíà, â êîòîðîé íàïðàâëåíèÿ êîëåáàíèé ÷àñòèö â ëþáîé òî÷êå ñðåäû ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíû íàïðàâëåíèþ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ [10].

4.3.2.6. Îáúåìíàÿ âîëíà (Volumetric wave) - âîëíà, ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùàÿñÿ â áåçãðàíè÷íîé óïðóãîé ñðåäå. Ê îáúåìíûì îòíîñÿòñÿ ïðîäîëüíàÿ è ïîïåðå÷íàÿ âîëíû.

4.3.2.7. Âîëíà Ðýëåÿ, ïîâåðõíîñòíàÿ âîëíà (Rayleigh wave, surface wave):

1. Óïðóãàÿ âîëíà, ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùàÿñÿ âäîëü ñâîáîäíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè òâåðäîãî òåëà, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ ýëëèïòè÷åñêèì äâèæåíèåì ÷àñòèö ñðåäû è ýôôåêòèâíîé ãëóáèíîé ïðîíèêíîâåíèÿ, áëèçêîé ê äëèíå âîëíû.

2. Ïîâåðõíîñòíàÿ âîëíà, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ ýëëèïòè÷åñêèì äâèæåíèåì ÷àñòèö ñðåäû è ýôôåêòèâíîé ãëóáèíîé ïðîíèêíîâåíèÿ ìåíüøåé, ÷åì äëèíà âîëíû [10].

4.3.2.8. Ïëîñêîñòü ïàäåíèÿ âîëíû (Plane of incidence) - ïëîñêîñòü, ïðîõîäÿùàÿ ÷åðåç ëó÷ ïàäàþùåé âîëíû è ïåðïåíäèêóëÿð ê ãðàíèöå ðàçäåëà ñðåä â òî÷êå êàñàíèÿ ëó÷îì ýòîé ãðàíèöû.

4.3.2.9. Äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ ïëîñêîñòü (Additional plane) - ïëîñêîñòü, ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíàÿ ê ïëîñêîñòè ïàäåíèÿ âîëíû è ïðîõîäÿùàÿ ÷åðåç ëó÷ ïðåëîìëåííîé èëè îòðàæåííîé âîëíû.

4.3.2.10. Ïîëÿðèçàöèÿ (Polarization) - íàïðàâëåíèå ñìåùåíèé ÷àñòèö ñðåäû â ïîïåðå÷íîé âîëíå îòíîñèòåëüíî ïëîñêîñòè ïàäåíèÿ.

4.3.2.11. Âåðòèêàëüíî ïîëÿðèçîâàííàÿ ïîïåðå÷íàÿ âîëíà, SV-âîëíà (Shear vertical wave, SV wave) - ïîïåðå÷íàÿ âîëíà, â êîòîðîé ÷àñòèöû ñðåäû êîëåáëþòñÿ â ïëîñêîñòè ïàäåíèÿ âîëíû.

4.3.2.12. Ãîðèçîíòàëüíî ïîëÿðèçîâàííàÿ ïîïåðå÷íàÿ âîëíà, SH-âîëíà (Shear horizontal wave, SH wave) - ïîïåðå÷íàÿ âîëíà, â êîòîðîé ÷àñòèöû ñðåäû êîëåáëþòñÿ ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíî ïëîñêîñòè ïàäåíèÿ.

4.3.2.13. Íîðìàëüíàÿ âîëíà (Normal wave) - âîëíà â îãðàíè÷åííîé ñðåäå (ñëîå, ñòåðæíå), îáóñëîâëåííàÿ âîëíîâîäíûì ìåõàíèçìîì ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùàÿ ñîáîé áåãóùóþ âîëíó â íàïðàâëåíèè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ è ñòîÿ÷óþ âîëíó â ïîïåðå÷íîì íàïðàâëåíèè.

4.3.2.14. Âîëíà Ëýìáà, âîëíà â ïëàñòèíå (Lamb wave, plate wave):

1. Íîðìàëüíàÿ âîëíà â ñëîå ñî ñâîáîäíûìè ïîâåðõíîñòÿìè, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ âîëíîâîäíûì ìåõàíèçìîì ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ è âîçáóæäàåìàÿ ïðè îïðåäåëåííûõ ñîîòíîøåíèÿõ ìåæäó òîëùèíîé ñëîÿ h è ÷àñòîòîé f. Ôàçîâàÿ è ãðóïïîâàÿ ñêîðîñòè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ýòèõ âîëí çàâèñÿò îò ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ hf.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Íàêëîííûì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì ýòè âîëíû âîçáóæäàþòñÿ òîëüêî ïðè îïðåäåëåííûõ çíà÷åíèÿõ óãëà ââîäà, ÷àñòîòû è òîëùèíû ñëîÿ.

2. Âîëíû, çàíèìàþùèå âñå ñå÷åíèå òîíêîé ïëàñòèíû, âîçáóæäàåìûå òîëüêî ïðè îïðåäåëåííûõ çíà÷åíèÿõ óãëà ââîäà, ÷àñòîòû è òîëùèíû ñëîÿ [10].

4.3.2.15. Ìîäà âîëíû (Wave mode) - òèï óïðóãîé âîëíû, îïðåäåëÿåìûé õàðàêòåðîì êîëåáàíèé ÷àñòèö ñðåäû.

4.3.2.16. Ñèììåòðè÷íàÿ âîëíà Ëýìáà (Symmetrical Lamb wave) - ìîäà âîëíû Ëýìáà, â êîòîðîé ÷àñòèöû ñðåäû êîëåáëþòñÿ ñèììåòðè÷íî îòíîñèòåëüíî íåéòðàëüíîé (ñðåäíåé) çîíû ïëàñòèíû, ïðè÷åì â íåéòðàëüíîé çîíå ÷àñòèöû ñîâåðøàþò òîëüêî ïðîäîëüíûå êîëåáàíèÿ.

Ðèñ. 2. Äåôîðìàöèè ïëàñòèíû ïðè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè ñèììåòðè÷íûõ è àíòèñèììåòðè÷íûõ âîëí Ëýìáà

4.3.2.17. Àíòèñèììåòðè÷íàÿ âîëíà Ëýìáà (Antisymmetrical Lamb wave) - ìîäà âîëíû Ëýìáà, â êîòîðîé ÷àñòèöû ñðåäû êîëåáëþòñÿ àíòèñèììåòðè÷íî îòíîñèòåëüíî íåéòðàëüíîé (ñðåäíåé) çîíû ïëàñòèíû: âåðòèêàëüíûå ïðîåêöèè ñìåùåíèÿ ÷àñòèö ðàâíû, à ïðîäîëüíûå ïðîåêöèè - ïðîòèâîïîëîæíû ïî çíàêó, ïðè÷åì â íåéòðàëüíîé çîíå ÷àñòèöû ñîâåðøàþò òîëüêî ïîïåðå÷íûå êîëåáàíèÿ.

4.3.2.18. Âîëíà Ëýìáà íóëåâîãî ïîðÿäêà (Lamb wave of zero order) - ñèììåòðè÷íàÿ è àíòèñèììåòðè÷íàÿ ìîäû âîëí Ëýìáà, âîçáóæäàåìûå â øèðîêîì äèàïàçîíå ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ òîëùèíû ñëîÿ h íà ÷àñòîòó f, íà÷èíàÿ îò hf=0.

4.3.2.19. Èçãèáíàÿ âîëíà (Bending wave, flexural wave) - âîëíà, ñîçäàþùàÿ äåôîðìàöèþ èçãèáà, ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùàÿñÿ â ñòåðæíÿõ è ñëîÿõ. Äëÿ ëèñòîâ - ÷àñòíûé ñëó÷àé àíòèñèììåòðè÷íîé âîëíû Ëýìáà íóëåâîãî ïîðÿäêà ïðè ìàëûõ çíà÷åíèÿõ ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ òîëùèíû ñëîÿ íà ÷àñòîòó.

4.3.2.20. Ïðîäîëüíàÿ âîëíà â ñòåðæíå (Longitudinal wave in a rod) - ïðîäîëüíàÿ âîëíà â ñòåðæíå, ïîïåðå÷íûé ðàçìåð êîòîðîãî ìíîãî ìåíüøå äëèíû âîëíû. Ñêîðîñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ýòîé âîëíû îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî ìîäóëåì íîðìàëüíîé óïðóãîñòè Å è ïëîòíîñòüþ ìàòåðèàëà ρ:

.

4.3.2.21. Ãîëîâíàÿ âîëíà (Head wave, creeping wave):

1. Âîëíà, ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùàÿñÿ âäîëü ñâîáîäíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè òâåðäîãî òåëà ñî ñêîðîñòüþ îáúåìíîé ïðîäîëüíîé âîëíû, íî îòëè÷àþùàÿñÿ îò ïîñëåäíåé áîëåå áûñòðûì óìåíüøåíèåì àìïëèòóäû âñëåäñòâèå íåïðåðûâíîãî ïåðåèçëó÷åíèÿ â ñðåäó â âèäå ïîïåðå÷íîé âîëíû.  ñåéñìîàêóñòèêå è â çàðóáåæíîé ëèòåðàòóðå åå íàçûâàþò ïîëçóùåé âîëíîé.

2. Âîëíà, âîçáóæäàåìàÿ ïðè ïåðâîì êðèòè÷åñêîì óãëå ïàäåíèÿ è ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùàÿñÿ âäîëü ïîâåðõíîñòè êàê ïðîäîëüíàÿ âîëíà. Åå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå íå çàâèñèò îò ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïîâåðõíîñòè, ïðè÷åì óëüòðàçâóêîâîé ëó÷ íå ïîâòîðÿåò âîëíèñòîñòü ïîñëåäíåé [10].

4.3.2.22. Áîêîâàÿ âîëíà (Lateral wave) - ïîïåðå÷íàÿ âîëíà, ïåðåèçëó÷àåìàÿ â ñðåäó ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùåéñÿ âäîëü ïîâåðõíîñòè ãîëîâíîé âîëíîé. Áîêîâàÿ ïîïåðå÷íàÿ âîëíà ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåòñÿ ïîä òðåòüèì êðèòè÷åñêèì óãëîì.

4.3.2.23. Âîëíà Ëÿâà (Love wave) - âîëíà ñ ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé ïîëÿðèçàöèåé SH, ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùàÿñÿ â âîëíîâîäå â âèäå òâåðäîãî òîíêîãî ñëîÿ îäíîãî ìàòåðèàëà, ñîåäèíåííîãî ñ ïîëóïðîñòðàíñòâîì (èëè äîñòàòî÷íî òîëñòûì ñëîåì) èç äðóãîãî òâåðäîãî ìàòåðèàëà ñ èíûìè àêóñòè÷åñêèìè ñâîéñòâàìè. Ýíåðãèÿ âîëíû ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà â òîíêîì ñëîå è ïðèëåãàþùåé ê ãðàíèöå ðàçäåëà îáëàñòè ïîëóïðîñòðàíñòâà. Âîëíà èìååò ðàçëè÷íûå ìîäû, îòëè÷àþùèåñÿ ðàñïðåäåëåíèåì ñìåùåíèé, è îáëàäàåò äèñïåðñèåé ñêîðîñòè.

4.3.2.24. Âîëíà Ñòîóíëè (Stoneley wave) - âîëíà ñ âåðòèêàëüíîé ïîëÿðèçàöèåé SV, ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùàÿñÿ âäîëü ãðàíèöû ðàçäåëà äâóõ òâåðäûõ ïîëóïðîñòðàíñòâ (èëè òåë äîñòàòî÷íîé òîëùèíû) èç ìàòåðèàëîâ ñ ðàçëè÷íûìè, íî áëèçêèìè àêóñòè÷åñêèìè ñâîéñòâàìè, íåîäíîðîäíàÿ â íàïðàâëåíèè, ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíîì ãðàíèöå ðàçäåëà. Èíòåíñèâíîñòü âîëíû ìàêñèìàëüíà íà ãðàíèöå ðàçäåëà è óáûâàåò ñ óäàëåíèåì îò íåå.

4.3.2.25. Äèôðàãèðîâàííàÿ âîëíà (Diffraction wave) - âîëíà, âîçíèêøàÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå äèôðàêöèè ïàäàþùåé âîëíû íà íåîäíîðîäíîñòè ñðåäû. Òèï äèôðàãèðîâàííîé âîëíû ìîæåò îòëè÷àòüñÿ îò òèïà ïàäàþùåé.

4.3.2.26. Äèñïåðñèîííàÿ âîëíà (Dispersion wave) - âîëíà, ôàçîâàÿ è ãðóïïîâàÿ ñêîðîñòè êîòîðîé ðàçëè÷íû. Ýòî ðàçëè÷èå ìåíÿåò ôîðìó ïåðåíîñèìûõ âîëíîé àêóñòè÷åñêèõ èìïóëüñîâ.

4.3.2.27. Íåäèñïåðñèîííàÿ âîëíà (Indispersion wave) - âîëíà, ôàçîâàÿ è ãðóïïîâàÿ ñêîðîñòè êîòîðîé ñîâïàäàþò.

4.3.2.28. Âîëíà îáåãàíèÿ (Run round wave) - äèôðàãèðîâàííàÿ âîëíà, ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùàÿñÿ âäîëü ãðàíèö ðàçäåëà ñðåä (íàïðèìåð, íåñïëîøíîñòè â ñðåäå, ïîâåðõíîñòè öèëèíäðà). Ìîãóò îäíîâðåìåííî ñóùåñòâîâàòü íåñêîëüêî òèïîâ âîëí îáåãàíèÿ, íàïðèìåð ðýëååâñêàÿ è ãîëîâíàÿ.

4.3.2.29. Âîëíà ñîñêàëüçûâàíèÿ (Slide off wave) - äèôðàãèðîâàííàÿ îáúåìíàÿ âîëíà, èçëó÷àåìàÿ â ñðåäó âñëåäñòâèå òðàíñôîðìàöèè âîëíû îáåãàíèÿ.

4.3.2.30. Êîãåðåíòíûå âîëíû (Coherent waves) - âîëíû, ðàçíîñòü ôàç êîòîðûõ íå çàâèñèò îò âðåìåíè.

4.3.3. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå âîëí

4.3.3.1. Ôàçîâàÿ ñêîðîñòü (Phase velocity):

1. Ñêîðîñòü èçìåíåíèÿ ôàçû âîëíû â íàïðàâëåíèè åå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ì/ñ.

2. Ñêîðîñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âîëíîâîãî ôðîíòà [10].

4.3.3.2. Ãðóïïîâàÿ ñêîðîñòü (Group velocity):

1. Ñêîðîñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ àêóñòè÷åñêîãî èìïóëüñà. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ì/ñ.

2. Ñêîðîñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ àêóñòè÷åñêîé ýíåðãèè [10].

4.3.3.3. Äèñïåðñèÿ ñêîðîñòè çâóêà (Velocity dispersion) - çàâèñèìîñòü ñêîðîñòè çâóêà îò ÷àñòîòû, íàïðàâëåíèÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âîëíû (â àíèçîòðîïíîé ñðåäå), ïàðàìåòðîâ ñðåäû è (èëè) îòíîøåíèÿ ïîïåðå÷íûõ ðàçìåðîâ âîëíîâîäà ê äëèíå âîëíû. Ñëåäñòâèå äèñïåðñèè - ðàçëè÷èå ôàçîâîé è ãðóïïîâîé ñêîðîñòåé çâóêà, ïðèâîäÿùåå ê èñêàæåíèþ ôîðìû ïåðåäàâàåìûõ óïðóãèõ èìïóëüñîâ.

4.3.3.4. Çàòóõàíèå âîëíû (Wave attenuation):

1. Óìåíüøåíèå àìïëèòóäû âîëíû ñ ðàññòîÿíèåì âñëåäñòâèå ïîãëîùåíèÿ è ðàññåÿíèÿ â ñðåäå.

2. Óìåíüøåíèå çâóêîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ ïðè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè âîëíû â ìàòåðèàëå âñëåäñòâèå ïîãëîùåíèÿ è ðàññåÿíèÿ [10].

4.3.3.5. Ïîãëîùåíèå (Absorption) - ñîñòàâëÿþùàÿ çàòóõàíèÿ, îáóñëîâëåííàÿ òðàíñôîðìàöèåé óïðóãîé âîëíû â äðóãèå ôîðìû ýíåðãèè (îáû÷íî â òåïëî) [10].

4.3.3.6. Ðàññåÿíèå (Scattering):

1. Ñîñòàâëÿþùàÿ çàòóõàíèÿ, îáóñëîâëåííàÿ îòðàæåíèåì âîëíû îò ãðàíèö çåðåí ìàòåðèàëà è (èëè) íåáîëüøèõ (ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äëèíîé âîëíû) íåîäíîðîäíîñòåé è âñëåäñòâèå ýòîãî óáûëüþ ýíåðãèè èç íàïðàâëåííî ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùåãîñÿ ïó÷êà.

2. Áåñïîðÿäî÷íîå ðàññåÿíèå ýíåðãèè, îáóñëîâëåííîå çåðíèñòîé ñòðóêòóðîé ìàòåðèàëà è (èëè) íåáîëüøèìè íåîäíîðîäíîñòÿìè [10].

4.3.3.7. Êîýôôèöèåíò çàòóõàíèÿ (ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûé) (Attenuation coefficient):

1. Êîýôôèöèåíò, îïðåäåëÿþùèé ñòåïåíü óìåíüøåíèÿ (ïî ýêñïîíåíöèàëüíîìó çàêîíó) àìïëèòóäû óïðóãîé âîëíû ïðè ïðîõîæäåíèè åþ åäèíèöû ðàññòîÿíèÿ â ñðåäå è çàâèñÿùèé îò ñâîéñòâ ñðåäû, äëèíû âîëíû è åå ìîäû. ßâëÿåòñÿ ñóììîé êîýôôèöèåíòîâ ïîãëîùåíèÿ è ðàññåÿíèÿ. Îáû÷íî âûðàæàåòñÿ â äÁ/ì, èíîãäà â Íï/ì.

2. Êîýôôèöèåíò, èñïîëüçóåìûé äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ çàòóõàíèÿ íà åäèíèöó äëèíû ïðîéäåííîãî âîëíîé ðàññòîÿíèÿ, çàâèñÿùèé îò ñâîéñòâ ìàòåðèàëà, äëèíû âîëíû è åå ìîäû. Îáû÷íî âûðàæàåòñÿ â äÁ/ì [10].

4.3.3.8. Êîýôôèöèåíò ïîãëîùåíèÿ (Absorption coefficient):

1. Êîýôôèöèåíò, îïðåäåëÿþùèé ñòåïåíü óìåíüøåíèÿ (ïî ýêñïîíåíöèàëüíîìó çàêîíó) àìïëèòóäû óïðóãîé âîëíû ïðè ïðîõîæäåíèè åþ åäèíèöû ðàññòîÿíèÿ â ñðåäå âñëåäñòâèå ïîãëîùåíèÿ. Îáû÷íî âûðàæàåòñÿ â äÁ/ì, èíîãäà â Íï/ì.

2. Êîýôôèöèåíò, îïðåäåëÿþùèé ñïîñîáíîñòü ìàòåðèàëà ïîãëîùàòü ýíåðãèþ óïðóãèõ âîëí [10].

4.3.3.9. Êîýôôèöèåíò ðàññåÿíèÿ (Scattering coefficient) - êîýôôèöèåíò, îïðåäåëÿþùèé ñòåïåíü óìåíüøåíèÿ (ïî ýêñïîíåíöèàëüíîìó çàêîíó) àìïëèòóäû óïðóãîé âîëíû âñëåäñòâèå ðàññåÿíèÿ ïðè ïðîõîæäåíèè âîëíîé åäèíèöû ðàññòîÿíèÿ â ñðåäå. Îáû÷íî âûðàæàåòñÿ â äÁ/ì, èíîãäà â Íï/ì.

4.3.3.10. Óçåë (Node) - òî÷êà (ëèíèÿ, ïîâåðõíîñòü), â êîòîðîé àìïëèòóäà êîëåáàòåëüíîé âåëè÷èíû, õàðàêòåðèçóþùåé ñòîÿ÷óþ âîëíó, èìååò ìèíèìàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå [14].

4.3.3.11. Ïó÷íîñòü (Antinode, crest) - òî÷êà (ëèíèÿ, ïîâåðõíîñòü), â êîòîðîé àìïëèòóäà êîëåáàòåëüíîé âåëè÷èíû, õàðàêòåðèçóþùåé ñòîÿ÷óþ âîëíó, èìååò ìàêñèìàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå [14].

4.3.3.12. Äîáðîòíîñòü ìàòåðèàëà (Material Q-factor) - êîëè÷åñòâåííàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïîòåðü â ìàòåðèàëå, îïðåäåëÿåìàÿ êàê îòíîøåíèå âîëíîâîãî ÷èñëà ê óäâîåííîìó ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîìó êîýôôèöèåíòó çàòóõàíèÿ: Q=k/2δ.

4.3.3.13. Óäåëüíîå âîëíîâîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå ñðåäû, âîëíîâîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå ñðåäû (Characteristic acoustic impedance) - îòíîøåíèå àìïëèòóäû çâóêîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ ê àìïëèòóäå êîëåáàòåëüíîé ñêîðîñòè â áåãóùåé âîëíå. Äëÿ ñðåä ñ ìàëûìè ïîòåðÿìè îáû÷íî âûðàæàåòñÿ êàê ïðîèçâåäåíèå ïëîòíîñòè ñðåäû íà ñêîðîñòü óïðóãîé âîëíû â íåé: z=ρñ. Äëÿ ñðåä ñ áîëüøèìè ïîòåðÿìè z - êîìïëåêñíàÿ âåëè÷èíà. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ïà∙ñ/ì.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  àíãëîÿçû÷íîé ëèòåðàòóðå åäèíèöà âîëíîâîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ñðåäû è àêóñòè÷åñêîãî èìïåäàíñà íàçûâàåòñÿ Rayl (Ðåéë), ïðè÷åì 1 Rayl=1 Ïà∙ñ/ì.

4.3.3.14. Àêóñòè÷åñêèé èìïåäàíñ (Acoustic impedance) - îòíîøåíèå àìïëèòóäû çâóêîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ ê àìïëèòóäå êîëåáàòåëüíîé ñêîðîñòè â îáùåì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà íàðÿäó ñ áåãóùåé ñóùåñòâóåò è ñòîÿ÷àÿ èëè îòðàæåííàÿ âîëíà. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ïàñ/ì.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  âîçäóøíîé àêóñòèêå àêóñòè÷åñêèì èìïåäàíñîì íàçûâàþò îòíîøåíèå çâóêîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ ê îáúåìíîé êîëåáàòåëüíîé ñêîðîñòè. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ýòîãî ïàðàìåòðà Ïà∙ñ/ì3 [14].

4.3.3.15. Äëèíà ïóòè âîëíû (Path length) - äëèíà ïóòè óïðóãîé âîëíû â ñðåäå [10]. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ì.

4.3.3.16. Ðàçíîñòü õîäà (Path difference) - ðàçíîñòü äëèí ïóòè äâóõ èëè íåñêîëüêèõ âîëí [10]. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ì.

4.3.3.17. Ýôôåêò Äîïïëåðà (Doppler effect) - èçìåíåíèå ðåãèñòðèðóåìîé ïðèåìíèêîì ÷àñòîòû âîëí, ïðîèñõîäÿùåå âñëåäñòâèå äâèæåíèÿ èñòî÷íèêà âîëí îòíîñèòåëüíî ïðèåìíèêà.

4.3.4. Îòðàæåíèå è ïðåëîìëåíèå âîëí íà ãðàíèöå ðàçäåëà ñðåä

4.3.4.1. Ãðàíèöà ðàçäåëà ñðåä (Interface, boundary):

1. Ïîâåðõíîñòü ñîïðèêîñíîâåíèÿ äâóõ ñðåä ñ ðàçíûìè àêóñòè÷åñêèìè ñâîéñòâàìè.

2. Ãðàíèöà ìåæäó äâóìÿ ñðåäàìè ñ ðàçíûìè âîëíîâûìè ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿìè, èìåþùèìè ôèçè÷åñêèé êîíòàêò [10].

4.3.4.2. Ïàäàþùàÿ âîëíà (Incident wave) - âîëíà, ïàäàþùàÿ íà ãðàíèöó ðàçäåëà ñðåä.

Ðèñ. 3. Îòðàæåíèå è ïðåëîìëåíèå âîëí íà ãðàíèöå ðàçäåëà ñðåä:

1 - ïàäàþùàÿ âîëíà; 2 - îòðàæåííàÿ âîëíà; 3 - ãðàíèöà ðàçäåëà ñðåä; 4 - ïðåëîìëåííàÿ âîëíà; a - óãîë ïàäåíèÿ; a1 - óãîë îòðàæåíèÿ; b - óãîë ïðåëîìëåíèÿ

4.3.4.3. Óãîë ïàäåíèÿ (Angle of incidence):

1. Óãîë ìåæäó ëó÷îì ïàäàþùåé âîëíû è íîðìàëüþ ê ïîâåðõíîñòè ðàçäåëà ñðåä.

2. Óãîë ìåæäó àêóñòè÷åñêîé îñüþ ïàäàþùåãî ïó÷êà è íîðìàëüþ ê ïîâåðõíîñòè ðàçäåëà ñðåä [10].

4.3.4.4. Íîðìàëüíîå ïàäåíèå (Normal incidence) - ïàäåíèå âîëíû íà ïîâåðõíîñòü ðàçäåëà ñðåä, ïðè êîòîðîì ëó÷ ïàäàþùåé âîëíû ïàðàëëåëåí íîðìàëè ê ýòîé ïîâåðõíîñòè.

4.3.4.5. Íàêëîííîå ïàäåíèå (Angular incidence) - ïàäåíèå âîëíû íà ïîâåðõíîñòü ðàçäåëà ñðåä, ïðè êîòîðîì ëó÷ ïàäàþùåé âîëíû íå ïàðàëëåëåí íîðìàëè ê ýòîé ïîâåðõíîñòè.

4.3.4.6. Îòðàæåíèå (Reflection, wave reflection):

1. Èçìåíåíèå íàïðàâëåíèÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ óïðóãîé âîëíû â ðåçóëüòàòå åå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñ ãðàíèöåé ðàçäåëà èëè íåîäíîðîäíîñòüþ ñðåäû, íå ñâÿçàííîå ñ ïåðåõîäîì ÷åðåç ýòó ãðàíèöó.

2. Èçìåíåíèå íàïðàâëåíèÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ óïðóãîé âîëíû â ñðåäå â ðåçóëüòàòå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñ ãðàíèöåé ðàçäåëà èëè íåîäíîðîäíîñòüþ ñðåäû. Ïðè îòðàæåíèè âîçìîæíà òàêæå òðàíñôîðìàöèÿ âîëí [10].

4.3.4.7. Îòðàæåííàÿ âîëíà (Reflected wave) - âîëíà, ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùàÿñÿ â òîé æå ñðåäå, ÷òî è ïàäàþùàÿ, ïîñëå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ïîñëåäíåé ñ ãðàíèöåé ðàçäåëà èëè íåîäíîðîäíîñòüþ ñðåäû.

4.3.4.8. Ìíîãîêðàòíûå îòðàæåíèÿ (Multiple reflections, multiple echo) - íåîäíîêðàòíûå îòðàæåíèÿ àêóñòè÷åñêèõ èìïóëüñîâ ìåæäó äâóìÿ èëè áîëüøèì êîëè÷åñòâîì ãðàíèö ðàçäåëà èëè íåîäíîðîäíîñòÿìè [10].

4.3.4.9. Ðåâåðáåðàöèÿ (Reverberation) - ÿâëåíèå ìíîãîêðàòíîãî îòðàæåíèÿ àêóñòè÷åñêèõ èìïóëüñîâ â îãðàíè÷åííîì îáúåìå.

4.3.4.10. Óãîë îòðàæåíèÿ (Angle of reflection) - óãîë ìåæäó íîðìàëüþ ê ãðàíèöå ðàçäåëà ñðåä è ëó÷îì îòðàæåííîé âîëíû. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ãðàäóñ.

4.3.4.11. Êîýôôèöèåíò îòðàæåíèÿ ïî àìïëèòóäå, êîýôôèöèåíò îòðàæåíèÿ (Reflection coefficient):

1. Îòíîøåíèå àìïëèòóäû îòðàæåííîé âîëíû ê àìïëèòóäå ïàäàþùåé âîëíû ó ãðàíèöû ðàçäåëà ñðåä.

2. Îòíîøåíèå îáùåãî çâóêîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ îòðàæåííîé âîëíû ê çâóêîâîìó äàâëåíèþ ïàäàþùåé âîëíû ó ãðàíèöû ðàçäåëà ñðåä [10].

4.3.4.12. Êîýôôèöèåíò îòðàæåíèÿ ïî ýíåðãèè (Energy reflection coefficient) - îòíîøåíèå ýíåðãèè îòðàæåííîé âîëíû ê ýíåðãèè ïàäàþùåé âîëíû ó ãðàíèöû ðàçäåëà ñðåä.

4.3.4.13. Ïîëíîå îòðàæåíèå (Total reflection):

1. Îòðàæåíèå, ïðè êîòîðîì îòðàæåííàÿ âîëíà èìååò òîò æå òèï, ÷òî è ïàäàþùàÿ, à ìîäóëü êîýôôèöèåíòà îòðàæåíèÿ ðàâåí åäèíèöå.

2. Îòðàæåíèå, ïðîèñõîäÿùåå ïðè óãëå ïàäåíèÿ, ïðåâûøàþùåì êðèòè÷åñêèå óãëû, èëè ïðè êîýôôèöèåíòå îòðàæåíèÿ, ðàâíîì åäèíèöå [10].

4.3.4.14. Ïðåëîìëåíèå (Refraction) - èçìåíåíèå íàïðàâëåíèÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âîëíû ïðè ïåðåõîäå ÷åðåç ãðàíèöó ðàçäåëà ñðåä ñ ðàçíûìè ñêîðîñòÿìè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âîëí [10].

4.3.4.15. Ïðåëîìëåííàÿ âîëíà (Refracted wave) - âîëíà, èçìåíèâøàÿ ñâîå íàïðàâëåíèå ïðè ïðîõîæäåíèè ÷åðåç ãðàíèöó ðàçäåëà ñðåä [10]. Ïðè ïðåëîìëåíèè âîçìîæíà òàêæå òðàíñôîðìàöèÿ âîëí.

4.3.4.16. Óãîë ïðåëîìëåíèÿ (Angle of refraction):

1. Óãîë ìåæäó ëó÷îì ïðåëîìëåííîé âîëíû è íîðìàëüþ ê ãðàíèöå ðàçäåëà ñðåä.

2. Óãîë ìåæäó àêóñòè÷åñêîé îñüþ ïðåëîìëåííîãî ïó÷êà è íîðìàëüþ ê ãðàíèöå ðàçäåëà ñðåä [10].

4.3.4.17. Ïîêàçàòåëü ïðåëîìëåíèÿ (Refractive index):

1. Îòíîøåíèå ñêîðîñòè ïàäàþùåé âîëíû ê ñêîðîñòè ïðåëîìëåííîé âîëíû.

2. Îòíîøåíèå ñêîðîñòåé çâóêà â äâóõ ñðåäàõ [10].

4.3.4.18. Êîýôôèöèåíò ïðîõîæäåíèÿ ïî àìïëèòóäå, êîýôôèöèåíò ïðîçðà÷íîñòè (Transmission coefficient):

1. Îòíîøåíèå àìïëèòóäû âîëíû, ïðîøåäøåé ÷åðåç ãðàíèöó ðàçäåëà ñðåä, ê àìïëèòóäå ïàäàþùåé âîëíû ó ýòîé ãðàíèöû.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Êîýôôèöèåíòû ïðîçðà÷íîñòè ìîãóò ðàçëè÷àòüñÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò òîãî, ïî êàêèì êîëåáàòåëüíûì âåëè÷èíàì îíè îïðåäåëÿëèñü: äàâëåíèþ, ñìåùåíèþ è ò.ï.

2. Îòíîøåíèå çâóêîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ âîëíû, ïðîøåäøåé ÷åðåç ãðàíèöó ðàçäåëà, ê çâóêîâîìó äàâëåíèþ ïàäàþùåé âîëíû [10].

4.3.4.19. Êîýôôèöèåíò ïðîõîæäåíèÿ ïî ýíåðãèè (Energy transmission coefficient) - îòíîøåíèå ýíåðãèè âîëíû, ïðîøåäøåé ÷åðåç ãðàíèöó ðàçäåëà ñðåä, ê ýíåðãèè ïàäàþùåé âîëíû ó ãðàíèöû ðàçäåëà.

4.3.4.20. Òðàíñôîðìàöèÿ âîëí (Wave transformation, mode conversion, wave conversion):

1. Èçìåíåíèå òèïà âîëíû ïðè îòðàæåíèè èëè ïðåëîìëåíèè íà ãðàíèöå ðàçäåëà ñðåä èëè â ðåçóëüòàòå äèôðàêöèè.

2. Òðàíñôîðìàöèÿ îäíîé ìîäû âîëíû â äðóãóþ â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðåëîìëåíèÿ èëè îòðàæåíèÿ [10].

4.3.4.21. Çàêîí Ñíåëëèóñà, çàêîí ñèíóñîâ (Snells low) - çàêîí, îïðåäåëÿþùèé ñîîòíîøåíèå óãëîâ ïàäåíèÿ, îòðàæåíèÿ è ïðåëîìëåíèÿ âîëí íà ãðàíèöå ðàçäåëà ñðåä â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ôàçîâûõ ñêîðîñòåé âîëí â ýòèõ ñðåäàõ.

4.3.4.22. Ðåôðàêöèÿ (Refraction) - èçìåíåíèå íàïðàâëåíèÿ âîëíû ïðè ïëàâíîì èçìåíåíèè ñêîðîñòè â ñðåäå, â êîòîðîé îíà ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåòñÿ.

4.3.4.23. Êðèòè÷åñêèé óãîë (Critical angle) - óãîë ïàäåíèÿ óëüòðàçâóêîâîãî ëó÷à, ïðåâûøåíèå êîòîðîãî ïðèâîäèò ê èñ÷åçíîâåíèþ îáúåìíîé âîëíû (îòðàæåííîé èëè ïðåëîìëåííîé) îïðåäåëåííîãî òèïà è ïðåâðàùåíèþ åå â íåîäíîðîäíóþ âîëíó.

4.3.4.24. Ïåðâûé êðèòè÷åñêèé óãîë (first critical angle) - óãîë ïàäåíèÿ ïðîäîëüíîé âîëíû, ïðåâûøåíèå êîòîðîãî ïðèâîäèò ê ïðåâðàùåíèþ ïðåëîìëåííîé ïðîäîëüíîé âîëíû â íåîäíîðîäíóþ âîëíó.

4.3.4.25. Âòîðîé êðèòè÷åñêèé óãîë (Second critical angle) - óãîë ïàäåíèÿ ïðîäîëüíîé âîëíû, ïðåâûøåíèå êîòîðîãî ïðèâîäèò ê ïðåâðàùåíèþ ïðåëîìëåííîé ïîïåðå÷íîé âîëíû â íåîäíîðîäíóþ âîëíó.

4.3.4.26. Òðåòèé êðèòè÷åñêèé óãîë (Third critical angle) - óãîë ïàäåíèÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùåéñÿ â òâåðäîì òåëå ïîïåðå÷íîé âîëíû íà ñâîáîäíóþ ãðàíèöó ýòîãî òåëà, ïðåâûøåíèå êîòîðîãî ïðèâîäèò ê ïðåâðàùåíèþ îòðàæåííîé ïðîäîëüíîé âîëíû â íåîäíîðîäíóþ.

4.3.4.27. Óãëîâîé ýôôåêò (Corner effect) - äâîéíîå îòðàæåíèå îò îòðàæàòåëÿ è îò ïîâåðõíîñòè âáëèçè íåãî.

4.3.4.28. Ñìåùåíèå óëüòðàçâóêîâîãî ïó÷êà ïðè îòðàæåíèè (Beam displacement due to reflection) - ñìåùåíèå ïó÷êà âñëåäñòâèå îòðàæåíèÿ îò ïîâåðõíîñòè ðàçäåëà. Çàâèñèò â îñíîâíîì îò ÷àñòîòû è óãëà. (Ñìåùåíèå ðàâíî íóëþ ïðè óãëå 45°) [10].

Ðèñ. 4. Ñìåùåíèå àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïó÷êà ïðè îòðàæåíèè îò ãðàíèöû ðàçäåëà ñðåä

4.3.4.29. Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ òåíü (Acoustic shadow):

1. Çîíà â îáúåêòå êîíòðîëÿ, â êîòîðóþ óïðóãàÿ âîëíà, ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùàÿñÿ â äàííîì íàïðàâëåíèè, ïî çàêîíàì ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîé àêóñòèêè íå ìîæåò ïîïàñòü âñëåäñòâèå ôîðìû îáúåêòà èëè íåñïëîøíîñòè â íåì.

2. Çîíà â îáúåêòå êîíòðîëÿ, â êîòîðóþ àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ ýíåðãèÿ, ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùàÿñÿ â äàííîì íàïðàâëåíèè, íå ìîæåò ïîïàñòü âñëåäñòâèå ôîðìû îáúåêòà èëè íåñïëîøíîñòè â íåì [10].

Ðèñ. 5. Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ òåíü (çàòåìíåííàÿ çîíà)

4.4. Àêóñòè÷åñêîå ïîëå

4.4.1. Àêóñòè÷åñêîå ïîëå (Acoustic field, sound field):

1. Îáëàñòü ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ àêóñòè÷åñêèõ âîëí. Ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ â âèäå ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ àìïëèòóäû âîëíû â ïðîñòðàíñòâå.

2. Òðåõìåðíàÿ ñòðóêòóðà èçëó÷åíèÿ, ïîëó÷åííàÿ îò èñòî÷íèêà àêóñòè÷åñêîé ýíåðãèè [10].

4.4.2. Áëèæíÿÿ çîíà, çîíà Ôðåíåëÿ (Near field, Fresnel-zone):

1. Ïðèëåãàþùàÿ ê èçëó÷àòåëþ çîíà, â êîòîðîé àêóñòè÷åñêîå ïîëå èìååò âèä ÷åðåäóþùèõñÿ ìåæäó ñîáîé ìàêñèìóìîâ è ìèíèìóìîâ, îãðàíè÷åííàÿ ðàñïîëîæåíèåì ïîñëåäíåãî ìàêñèìóìà, ïîñëå êîòîðîãî ïðîèñõîäèò ìîíîòîííîå óìåíüøåíèå àìïëèòóäû ñ ðàññòîÿíèåì. Ïðîòÿæåííîñòü áëèæíåé çîíû êðóãëîãî ïüåçîýëåìåíòà

,

ãäå D - äèàìåòð ïüåçîýëåìåíòà;

λ - äëèíà âîëíû.

2. Çîíà, â êîòîðîé âñëåäñòâèå èíòåðôåðåíöèè çâóêîâîå äàâëåíèå íå ìåíÿåòñÿ ìîíîòîííî ñ ðàññòîÿíèåì. Ýòà çîíà îãðàíè÷åíà ïîñëåäíèì ìàêñèìóìîì çâóêîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ íà îñè ïó÷êà [10].

Ðèñ. 6. Ïàðàìåòðû àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïó÷êà:

1 - èçëó÷àòåëü; 2 - ãðàíèöà ïó÷êà; 3 - àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ îñü ïó÷êà; 4 - äàëüíÿÿ çîíà; rá - ïðîòÿæåííîñòü áëèæíåé çîíû; θ - óãîë ðàñõîæäåíèÿ ïó÷êà

4.4.3. Äàëüíÿÿ çîíà, çîíà Ôðàóíãîôåðà (Far field, Fraunhofer zone):

1. Îáëàñòü àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïîëÿ, íà÷èíàþùàÿñÿ ïîñëå ïîñëåäíåãî ìàêñèìóìà áëèæíåé çîíû.  äàëüíåé çîíå àìïëèòóäà âîëíû ìîíîòîííî óáûâàåò ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì ðàññòîÿíèÿ îò èçëó÷àòåëÿ.

2. Çîíà óëüòðàçâóêîâîãî ïó÷êà, íà÷èíàþùàÿñÿ ïîñëå ïîñëåäíåãî ìàêñèìóìà äàâëåíèÿ íà îñè ïó÷êà [10].

4.4.4. Ïåðåõîäíàÿ çîíà (Transitive zone) - ÷àñòü äàëüíåé çîíû, â êîòîðîé çàêîí èçìåíåíèÿ àìïëèòóäû âîëíû ñ ðàññòîÿíèåì îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò çàêîíà äëÿ ñôåðè÷åñêîãî èçëó÷àòåëÿ. Äëÿ êðóãëûõ è êâàäðàòíûõ èçëó÷àòåëåé íàõîäèòñÿ íà ðàññòîÿíèè îò îäíîé äî òðåõ áëèæíèõ çîí.

4.4.5. Ïðîæåêòîðíàÿ çîíà (Searchlight zone) - îáëàñòü àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïîëÿ, ðàñïîëîæåííàÿ â áëèæíåé çîíå èçëó÷àòåëÿ, â êîòîðîé âîëíó ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü ïëîñêîé.

4.4.6. Àêóñòè÷åñêèé ïó÷îê, çâóêîâîé ïó÷îê, óëüòðàçâóêîâîé ïó÷îê (Acoustic beam, sound beam, ultrasonic beam):

1. Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííàÿ ãåîìåòðè÷åñêàÿ ôèãóðà, â ïðåäåëàõ êîòîðîé ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà îñíîâíàÿ ýíåðãèÿ óïðóãîé âîëíû.

2. Íàïðàâëåííî ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùàÿñÿ àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ âîëíà, îáû÷íî áëèçêàÿ ïî ôîðìå ê êîíóñó, â ïðåäåëàõ êîòîðîãî ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü àêóñòè÷åñêîé ýíåðãèè [10].

4.4.7. Ýôôåêòèâíûé àêóñòè÷åñêèé öåíòð (Effective acoustic center) - óñëîâíàÿ òî÷êà, èç êîòîðîé èñõîäÿò ëó÷è, ôîðìèðóþùèå â äàëüíåé çîíå èçëó÷àòåëÿ ñôåðè÷åñêèé ôðîíò âîëíû.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  îáùåì ñëó÷àå ìîæåò áûòü íåñêîëüêî òàêèõ òî÷åê â ðàçíûõ ïðîäîëüíûõ ñå÷åíèÿõ àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïó÷êà. Ýòî âîçìîæíî, íàïðèìåð, â ïîëå íàêëîííîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ âñëåäñòâèå ðàçíûõ çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ðàñõîæäåíèÿ ëó÷åé â äàëüíåé çîíå â ðàçíûõ îñåâûõ ïëîñêîñòÿõ àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïó÷êà.

4.4.8. Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ îñü ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Probe axis):

1. Ëèíèÿ, ñîåäèíÿþùàÿ òî÷êè ìàêñèìàëüíîé àìïëèòóäû êîëåáàòåëüíîé âåëè÷èíû â äàëüíåé çîíå èçëó÷àþùåãî â îäíîðîäíóþ ñðåäó ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, è åå ïðîäîëæåíèå äî ýôôåêòèâíîãî àêóñòè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà.

Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ: 1.  ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëå ñ àêóñòè÷åñêîé çàäåðæêîé íàïðàâëåíèå àêóñòè÷åñêîé îñè â ñðåäå îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ çàêîíîì ñèíóñîâ.

2. Äëÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ñ îñåñèììåòðè÷íûì àêòèâíûì ýëåìåíòîì, èìåþùèì îäèíàêîâûé êîýôôèöèåíò ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ âî âñåõ òî÷êàõ, àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ îñü ñîâïàäàåò ñ ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîé îñüþ.

3. Îò àêóñòè÷åñêîé îñè îòñ÷èòûâàþòñÿ óãëîâûå êîîðäèíàòû, èñïîëüçóåìûå äëÿ ïîñòðîåíèÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè íàïðàâëåííîñòè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

4. Åñëè ó ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ èìååòñÿ íåñêîëüêî ýôôåêòèâíûõ àêóñòè÷åñêèõ öåíòðîâ, òî â áëèæíåé çîíå âîçìîæíà íåîäíîçíà÷íîñòü â âûáîðå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ëèíèè, êîòîðàÿ óñòðàíÿåòñÿ ïðè ðàññìîòðåíèè àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïîëÿ â ôèêñèðîâàííîé îñåâîé ïëîñêîñòè.

2. Ãåîìåòðè÷åñêàÿ îñü, ïðîõîäÿùàÿ ÷åðåç òî÷êó âûõîäà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ è ñëóæàùàÿ íàïðàâëåíèåì, îò êîòîðîãî îòñ÷èòûâàþòñÿ óãëîâûå êîîðäèíàòû, èñïîëüçóåìûå äëÿ ïîñòðîåíèÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè íàïðàâëåííîñòè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ [10].

4.4.9. Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ îñü ïó÷êà, öåíòðàëüíûé ëóí (Beam axis, central ray) - ëèíèÿ, ñîåäèíÿþùàÿ òî÷êè ìàêñèìóìîâ àìïëèòóäû âîëíû â äàëüíåé çîíå, ïðîäîëæåííàÿ äî ýôôåêòèâíîãî àêóñòè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà.

Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ: 1. Äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ îäíîðîäíîé ñðåäû öåíòðàëüíûé ëó÷ ñîâïàäàåò ñ àêóñòè÷åñêîé îñüþ.

2. Åñëè ó ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ èìååòñÿ íåñêîëüêî ýôôåêòèâíûõ àêóñòè÷åñêèõ öåíòðîâ, òî â áëèæíåé çîíå âîçìîæíà íåîäíîçíà÷íîñòü â âûáîðå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ëèíèè, êîòîðàÿ óñòðàíÿåòñÿ ïðè ðàññìîòðåíèè àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïîëÿ â ôèêñèðîâàííîé îñåâîé ïëîñêîñòè.

4.4.10. Êâàçèèñêðèâëåíèå àêóñòè÷åñêîé îñè (Quasibend of acoustic axis) - èçìåíåíèå óãëà ââîäà, íàáëþäàåìîå ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè íàêëîííîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ è èçìåðåíèè êîîðäèíàò ãëóáîêî çàëåãàþùèõ îòðàæàòåëåé, âûçûâàåìîå òåì, ÷òî ïðè ïîèñêå ìàêñèìàëüíîé àìïëèòóäû ýõîñèãíàëà îò íåñïëîøíîñòè ïðèíèìàåòñÿ âîëíà ïîä óãëîì, ìåíüøèì óãëà ââîäà, è ïðîõîäÿùàÿ ìåíüøåå ðàññòîÿíèå. Êâàçèèñêðèâëåíèå óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì ðàñõîæäåíèÿ óëüòðàçâóêîâîãî ïó÷êà è ïîâûøåíèåì çàòóõàíèÿ â ñðåäå.

4.4.11. Êðàé ïó÷êà (Beam edge) - ãðàíèöà àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïó÷êà â äàëüíåé çîíå, íà êîòîðîé çâóêîâîå äàâëåíèå óìåíüøàåòñÿ äî îïðåäåëåííîé ÷àñòè ñâîåãî çíà÷åíèÿ íà îñè ïó÷êà [10].

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Èìååò ôîðìó êîíè÷åñêîé ïîâåðõíîñòè.

4.4.12. Ôîðìà ïó÷êà (Beam profile) - ôîðìà àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïó÷êà, îãðàíè÷åííîãî åãî êðàÿìè [10].

4.4.13. Ðàñõîæäåíèå ïó÷êà (Beam divergence, beam spread) - óâåëè÷åíèå ïëîùàäè ñå÷åíèÿ àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïó÷êà ñ ðàññòîÿíèåì â äàëüíåé çîíå, ïðèâîäÿùåå ê óìåíüøåíèþ àìïëèòóäû âîëíû.

4.4.14. Óãîë ðàñõîæäåíèÿ ïó÷êà (Divergence angle) - óãîë ìåæäó ïðÿìûìè, îáðàçîâàííûìè ïðè ïåðåñå÷åíèè êðàÿ ïó÷êà ïëîñêîñòüþ, ïðîõîäÿùåé ÷åðåç åãî àêóñòè÷åñêóþ îñü.

4.4.15. Ôîêóñèðîâêà àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïîëÿ (Focusing of acoustic field) - óâåëè÷åíèå àìïëèòóäû ïîëÿ íà îïðåäåëåííîì ðàññòîÿíèè îò ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, äîñòèãàåìîå ïóòåì ñóæåíèÿ ñå÷åíèÿ óëüòðàçâóêîâîãî ïó÷êà.

4.4.16. Ôîêóñ, òî÷êà ôîêóñà (Focus, focal point):

1. Òî÷êà íà àêóñòè÷åñêîé îñè, â êîòîðîé àìïëèòóäà ïîëÿ èìååò ìàêñèìóì.

2. Òî÷êà íà àêóñòè÷åñêîé îñè, â êîòîðîé çâóêîâîå äàâëåíèå èìååò ìàêñèìóì [10].

4.4.17. Ôîêóñ ðàçäåëüíî-ñîâìåùåííîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Focus of dual search unit) - òî÷êà â àêóñòè÷åñêîì ïîëå èçëó÷àòåëÿ ðàçäåëüíî-ñîâìåùåííîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, ïðè ïîìåùåíèè â êîòîðóþ íåíàïðàâëåííîãî îòðàæàòåëÿ äîñòèãàåòñÿ ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ àìïëèòóäà ýõîñèãíàëà. Ðàñïîëîæåíà íåìíîãî áëèæå ê ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëþ, ÷åì òî÷êà ïåðåñå÷åíèÿ àêóñòè÷åñêèõ îñåé èçëó÷àòåëÿ è ïðèåìíèêà.

4.4.18. Ôîêóñíîå ðàññòîÿíèå (Focal distance) - ðàññòîÿíèå îò ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà ðàáî÷åé ïîâåðõíîñòè ôîêóñèðóþùåãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ äî ôîêóñà.

4.4.19. Ôîêàëüíàÿ çîíà (Focal zone, depth of focus):

1. Îáëàñòü â àêóñòè÷åñêîì ïó÷êå ôîêóñèðóþùåãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, â êîòîðîé àìïëèòóäà âîëíû ïðåâûøàåò îïðåäåëåííóþ ÷àñòü îò åå ìàêñèìàëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ.

2. Îáëàñòü â àêóñòè÷åñêîì ïó÷êå ôîêóñèðóþùåãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, â êîòîðîé çâóêîâîå äàâëåíèå ïðåâûøàåò îïðåäåëåííóþ ÷àñòü îò åãî ìàêñèìàëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ [10].

4.5. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè, èõ ýëåìåíòû è ïàðàìåòðû

4.5.1. Òèïû ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé

4.5.1.1. Ýëåêòðîàêóñòè÷åñêèé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Electro-acoustical transducer) - óñòðîéñòâî, ïðåîáðàçóþùåå ýëåêòðè÷åñêóþ ýíåðãèþ â àêóñòè÷åñêóþ è îáðàòíî.

4.5.1.2. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (êàê êîíñòðóêòèâíûé óçåë) (Probe, search unit):

1. Çàêîí÷åííûé êîíñòðóêòèâíûé óçåë àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïðèáîðà íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ, ñëóæàùèé äëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ è (èëè) ïðèåìà óïðóãèõ êîëåáàíèé è âîëí.

2. Ýëåêòðîàêóñòè÷åñêîå óñòðîéñòâî, ñîäåðæàùåå îäèí èëè íåñêîëüêî àêòèâíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ (íàïðèìåð, ïüåçîýëåìåíòîâ), ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîå äëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ è (èëè) ïðèåìà àêóñòè÷åñêèõ âîëí [10].

4.5.1.3. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü ýëåêòðîìåõàíè÷åñêèé (êàê àêòèâíûé ýëåìåíò) (Transducer, crystal):

1. Ýëåêòðîìåõàíè÷åñêèé ýëåìåíò, ñëóæàùèé íåïîñðåäñòâåííî äëÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêîé ýíåðãèè â ìåõàíè÷åñêóþ (àêóñòè÷åñêóþ) è îáðàòíî (íàïðèìåð, ïüåçîýëåìåíò).

2. Àêòèâíûé ýëåìåíò ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, ïðåîáðàçóþùèé ýëåêòðè÷åñêóþ ýíåðãèþ â àêóñòè÷åñêóþ è îáðàòíî [10].

4.5.1.4. Âèáðàòîð (Vibrator) - êîíñòðóêòèâíûé óçåë ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, ñîäåðæàùèé àêòèâíûå è ïàññèâíûå ýëåìåíòû è èñïîëüçóåìûé â êà÷åñòâå èçëó÷àòåëÿ è (èëè) ïðèåìíèêà óïðóãèõ êîëåáàíèé è âîëí. Èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â îñíîâíîì â íèçêî÷àñòîòíûõ ìåòîäàõ àêóñòè÷åñêîãî êîíòðîëÿ.

4.5.1.5. Ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñêèé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Piezoelectric probe):

1. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, èñïîëüçóþùèé äëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ è (èëè) ïðèåìà óïðóãèõ âîëí îäèí èëè íåñêîëüêî ïüåçîýëåìåíòîâ.

2. Óñòðîéñòâî, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîå äëÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî (àêóñòè÷åñêîãî) ñèãíàëà â àêóñòè÷åñêèé (ýëåêòðè÷åñêèé), îñíîâàííîå íà èñïîëüçîâàíèè ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî ýôôåêòà è ïðèìåíÿåìîå äëÿ ðàáîòû â ñîñòàâå ñðåäñòâà íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ [7].

4.5.1.6. Èçëó÷àþùèé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Transmitting probe) - ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, èñïîëüçóåìûé äëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ óïðóãèõ âîëí.

4.5.1.7. Ïðèåìíûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Receiving probe) - ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, èñïîëüçóåìûé äëÿ ïðèåìà óïðóãèõ âîëí.

4.5.1.8. Ïðÿìîé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Normal probe, straight beam probe):

1. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü äëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ è (èëè) ïðèåìà óïðóãèõ âîëí ïî íîðìàëè ê ïîâåðõíîñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ.

2. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ îñü êîòîðîãî ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíà êîíòàêòíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè [10].

4.5.1.9. Íàêëîííûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Angle probe):

1. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü äëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ è (èëè) ïðèåìà óïðóãèõ âîëí â íàïðàâëåíèÿõ, îòëè÷íûõ îò íîðìàëè ê ïîâåðõíîñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ.

2. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, óãîë ïàäåíèÿ ïó÷êà êîòîðîãî îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ïðÿìîãî [10].

4.5.1.10. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü ñ ðåãóëèðóåìûì óãëîì ââîäà (Variable angle probe):

1. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, óãîë ââîäà êîòîðîãî ìîæíî èçìåíÿòü.

2. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü ñ èçìåíÿåìûì óãëîì ïàäåíèÿ [10].

4.5.1.11. Ñîâìåùåííûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Single crystal probe, transceiver):

1. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, àêòèâíûé ýëåìåíò êîòîðîãî ïîî÷åðåäíî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå èçëó÷àòåëÿ è ïðèåìíèêà óïðóãèõ âîëí.

2. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü ñ îäíèì àêòèâíûì ýëåìåíòîì (îáû÷íî ïüåçîýëåìåíòîì), ñëóæàùèé êàê äëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ, òàê è äëÿ ïðèåìà óëüòðàçâóêîâûõ âîëí [10].

4.5.1.12. Ñîâìåùåííûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü èìïåäàíñíîãî äåôåêòîñêîïà (Combined probe of MIA flaw detector) - ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, âèáðàòîð êîòîðîãî ñîäåðæèò ðàçäåëåííûå âîëíîâîäîì èçëó÷àþùèé è ïðèåìíûé ïüåçîýëåìåíòû è èìååò îäíó çîíó êîíòàêòà ñ îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ.

4.5.1.13. Äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü èìïåäàíñíîãî äåôåêòîñêîïà (Differential combined probe of MIA flaw detector) - ñîâìåùåííûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, âèáðàòîð êîòîðîãî èìååò äîïîëíèòåëüíûé êîìïåíñàöèîííûé ïüåçîýëåìåíò, ñëóæàùèé äëÿ ìèíèìèçàöèè âûõîäíîãî íàïðÿæåíèÿ íåíàãðóæåííîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ è ëèíåàðèçàöèè åãî íàãðóçî÷íîé õàðàêòåðèñòèêè.

4.5.1.14. Ðàçäåëüíî-ñîâìåùåííûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Dual search unit, dual probe, send/receive probe, double (twin) probe) - ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, ñîäåðæàùèé äâà ðàñïîëîæåííûõ â îáùåì êîðïóñå ðàçäåëüíûõ, àêóñòè÷åñêè èçîëèðîâàííûõ ïüåçîýëåìåíòà, îäèí èç êîòîðûõ èçëó÷àåò, äðóãîé - ïðèíèìàåò óëüòðàçâóêîâûå âîëíû [10].

Ðèñ. 7. Ðàçäåëüíî-ñîâìåùåííûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü óëüòðàçâóêîâîãî äåôåêòîñêîïà:

À - êîðïóñ;  - àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ èçîëÿöèÿ; Ñ - ïüåçîýëåìåíò

4.5.1.15. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü ïðîäîëüíûõ âîëí (Longitudinal wave probe, compressional wave probe) - ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü äëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ è (èëè) ïðèåìà ïðîäîëüíûõ âîëí [10].

4.5.1.16. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü ïîïåðå÷íûõ âîëí (Transverse wave probe, shear wave probe) - ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü äëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ è (èëè) ïðèåìà ïîïåðå÷íûõ âîëí.

4.5.1.17. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü ïîâåðõíîñòíûõ âîëí, ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü âîëí Ðýëåÿ (Surface wave probe, Rayleigh wave probe) - ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü äëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ è (èëè) ïðèåìà ïîâåðõíîñòíûõ âîëí Ðýëåÿ [10].

4.5.1.18. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü âîëí Ëýìáà (Lamb wave probe) - ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü äëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ è (èëè) ïðèåìà âîëí Ëýìáà [10].

4.5.1.19. Êîíòàêòíûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Contact probe) - ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, èñïîëüçóþùèé êîíòàêòíûé ñïîñîá ïåðåäà÷è óïðóãèõ âîëí ÷åðåç òîíêóþ ïëåíêó æèäêîñòè èëè ýëàñòè÷íîãî òâåðäîãî ìàòåðèàëà, à òàêæå íåïîñðåäñòâåííûé àêóñòè÷åñêèé êîíòàêò ñ îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ áåç ïðîìåæóòî÷íûõ ñðåä.

4.5.1.20. Èììåðñèîííûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Immersion probe) ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, èñïîëüçóåìûé äëÿ êîíòðîëÿ èììåðñèîííûì ìåòîäîì.

4.5.1.21. Êàòÿùèéñÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Wheel probe):

1. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, âûïîëíåííûé â âèäå êîëåñà ñ øèíîé èç ýëàñòè÷íîãî ìàòåðèàëà. Ðàáîòàåò ïî ñóõîé èëè ñìî÷åííîé æèäêîñòüþ ïîâåðõíîñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ.

2. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, ñîäåðæàùèé îäèí èëè íåñêîëüêî ïüåçîýëåìåíòîâ, ñìîíòèðîâàííûõ âíóòðè ýëàñòè÷íîé øèíû. Óëüòðàçâóêîâîé ïó÷îê ââîäèòñÿ â îáúåêò êîíòðîëÿ ÷åðåç âðàùàþùóþñÿ êîíòàêòíóþ ïîâåðõíîñòü øèíû [10].

4.5.1.22. Ñòðóéíûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Jet probe, squirter probe) - ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, èñïîëüçóþùèé äëÿ àêóñòè÷åñêîãî èììåðñèîííîãî êîíòàêòà ñ îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ íåïðåðûâíóþ ñòðóþ æèäêîñòè (îáû÷íî âîäû).

4.5.1.23. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü ñ ëîêàëüíîé âàííîé (Bubblier device) - ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü ñ íàêëàäûâàåìîé íà îáúåêò êîíòðîëÿ ëîêàëüíîé èììåðñèîííîé âàííîé, â êîòîðóþ ïîäàåòñÿ êîíòàêòíàÿ æèäêîñòü. Ðàññòîÿíèå îò ïüåçîýëåìåíòà äî îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ - äî íåñêîëüêèõ äëèí âîëí.

4.5.1.24. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, àäàïòèðîâàííûé ê êðèâèçíå ïîâåðõíîñòè; ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, ñîïðÿæåííûé ñ ïîâåðõíîñòüþ (Countered probe):

1. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, êîíòàêòíàÿ ïîâåðõíîñòü êîòîðîãî â öåëÿõ óëó÷øåíèÿ àêóñòè÷åñêîãî êîíòàêòà ïîâòîðÿåò êðèâîëèíåéíóþ ïîâåðõíîñòü îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ.

2. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, ôîðìà êîíòàêòíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè êîòîðîãî àäàïòèðîâàíà ê êðèâîëèíåéíîé ôîðìå îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ [10].

4.5.1.25. Õîðäîâûå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè (Chord type probes) - ïàðíûå (èçëó÷àþùèé è ïðèåìíûé) íàêëîííûå êîíòàêòíûå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè, ðàñïîëîæåííûå ïî îäíó ñòîðîíó ñâàðíîãî øâà è ðàçíåñåííûå äðóã îò äðóãà âäîëü øâà òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òî èõ àêóñòè÷åñêèå îñè ïåðåñåêàþòñÿ â çîíå êîíòðîëÿ, à ïðîõîäÿùàÿ ÷åðåç íèõ ïëîñêîñòü ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíà ïîâåðõíîñòè âåðòèêàëüíî îðèåíòèðîâàííûõ ïðîäîëüíûõ íåñïëîøíîñòåé. Ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ äëÿ óëüòðàçâóêîâîãî êîíòðîëÿ ýõîìåòîäîì ñòûêîâûõ øâîâ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ è ïîëèýòèëåíîâûõ òðóá.

Ðèñ. 8. Ñõåìà êîíòðîëÿ õîðäîâûìè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿìè:

1 - èçëó÷àþùèé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü; 2 - ïðèåìíûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü; 3 - êîíòðîëèðóåìàÿ òðóáà; 4 - ñòûêîâîé ñâàðíîé øîâ; 5 - äåôåêò ñâàðíîãî øâà

4.5.1.26. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü ñ ñóõèì òî÷å÷íûì êîíòàêòîì (Dry point contact probe) - ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, èñïîëüçóþùèé ñóõîé òî÷å÷íûé êîíòàêò ñ îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ.

4.5.1.27. Áåñêîíòàêòíûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Noncontact probe) - ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, íå òðåáóþùèé èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïðîìåæóòî÷íûõ æèäêèõ èëè òâåðäûõ ñðåä äëÿ ââîäà è ïðèåìà óïðóãèõ âîëí. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè ñ âîçäóøíîé ñâÿçüþ òàêæå îòíîñÿò ê áåñêîíòàêòíûì.

4.5.1.28. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü ñ âîçäóøíîé ñâÿçüþ (Air coupled transducer) - ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, èçëó÷àþùèé â îáúåêò êîíòðîëÿ è (èëè) ïðèíèìàþùèé èç íåãî óïðóãèå êîëåáàíèÿ ÷åðåç âîçäóõ èëè äðóãîé ãàç.

4.5.1.29. Ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíî-àêóñòè÷åñêèé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, ÝÌÀ-ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Electromagnetic acoustic transducer, EMAT, electrodynamic transducer):

1. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ è (èëè) ïðèåìà óïðóãèõ âîëí â ýëåêòðîïðîâîäÿùåé ñðåäå â ðåçóëüòàòå äåéñòâèÿ ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûõ ýôôåêòîâ.

2. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, ïðåîáðàçóþùèé ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå êîëåáàíèÿ â àêóñòè÷åñêóþ ýíåðãèþ è îáðàòíî, îñíîâàííûé íà èñïîëüçîâàíèè ýôôåêòà ìàãíèòíîé èíäóêöèè (ýôôåêòà Ëîðåíöà) [10].

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ïåðâîå îïðåäåëåíèå òî÷íåå âòîðîãî, òàê êàê ôîðìèðîâàíèå èçëó÷åííîé âîëíû ïðîèñõîäèò íå òîëüêî âñëåäñòâèå ýôôåêòà Ëîðåíöà, íî è â ðåçóëüòàòå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ, íàïðèìåð, ìàãíèòíûõ ïîëþñîâ ñ îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ, îñîáåííî, åñëè ïîñëåäíèé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôåððîìàãíåòèêîì.

4.5.1.30. Ýëåêòðîñòàòè÷åñêèé (êîíäåíñàòîðíûé) ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Electrostatic transducer) - ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, èñïîëüçóþùèé ïîíäåðîìîòîðíîå âçàèìîäåéñòâèå (ïðèòÿæåíèå) ìåæäó äâóìÿ ïëàñòèíàìè, íà êîòîðûå ïîäàåòñÿ ïåðåìåííîå ýëåêòðè÷åñêîå íàïðÿæåíèå. Îäíîé èç ïëàñòèí ìîæåò ÿâëÿòüñÿ îáúåêò êîíòðîëÿ.

4.5.1.31. Ìàãíèòîñòðèêöèîííûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Magnetostrictive transducer) - ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü èç ìàòåðèàëà, äåôîðìèðóþùåãîñÿ ïðè ïîìåùåíèè â ìàãíèòíîå ïîëå, áëàãîäàðÿ ÷åìó îí ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåîáðàçîâûâàòü ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå êîëåáàíèÿ â àêóñòè÷åñêèå è îáðàòíî [10].

4.5.1.32. Ìîçàè÷íûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Transducer mosaic):

1. Óïîðÿäî÷åííûé íàáîð ïüåçîýëåìåíòîâ, èñïîëüçóåìûé â êà÷åñòâå åäèíîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

2. Óïîðÿäî÷åííûé íàáîð ïüåçîýëåìåíòîâ ñ îäèíàêîâûìè õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè, èñïîëüçóåìûé â êà÷åñòâå åäèíîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ [10].

4.5.1.33. Ôîêóñèðóþùèé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Focusing probe):

1. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, àêóñòè÷åñêîå ïîëå êîòîðîãî êîíöåíòðèðóþò ñïåöèàëüíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè (ôîðìîé ïüåçîýëåìåíòà, ëèíçàìè, ýëåêòðîííûì óïðàâëåíèåì è ò.ï.) â îïðåäåëåííîé îáëàñòè ïðîñòðàíñòâà.

2. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, àêóñòè÷åñêèé ïó÷îê êîòîðîãî êîíöåíòðèðóþò ñïåöèàëüíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè (ôîðìîé ïüåçîýëåìåíòà, ëèíçàìè, ýëåêòðîííûì óïðàâëåíèåì è ò.ï.) [10].

4.5.1.34. Ôàçèðîâàííàÿ ðåøåòêà (Phased array, transducer array probe):

1. Ìîçàè÷íûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü ñ íåñêîëüêèìè àêòèâíûìè ýëåìåíòàìè (îáû÷íî ïüåçîýëåìåíòàìè), óïðàâëåíèå êîòîðûìè ïîçâîëÿåò ñîçäàâàòü àêóñòè÷åñêèå ïîëÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ êîíôèãóðàöèé.

2. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü ñ íåñêîëüêèìè ðàçäåëüíûìè àêòèâíûìè ýëåìåíòàìè (îáû÷íî ïüåçîýëåìåíòàìè), óïðàâëåíèå êîòîðûìè ïîçâîëÿåò ñîçäàâàòü àêóñòè÷åñêèå ïîëÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ êîíôèãóðàöèé [10].

4.5.1.35. Ëèíåéíàÿ ôàçèðîâàííàÿ ðåøåòêà (Linear phased array) - ôàçèðîâàííàÿ ðåøåòêà, ýëåìåíòû êîòîðîé ðàñïîëîæåíû íà îäíîé ëèíèè.

4.5.1.36. Äâóìåðíàÿ ôàçèðîâàííàÿ ðåøåòêà (2D phased array) - ôàçèðîâàííàÿ ðåøåòêà, ýëåìåíòû êîòîðîé (îáû÷íî ïðÿìîóãîëüíîé ôîðìû) ðàñïîëîæåíû â îäíîé ïëîñêîñòè.

4.5.1.37. Êîëüöåîáðàçíàÿ ôàçèðîâàííàÿ ðåøåòêà (Ring phased array) - ôàçèðîâàííàÿ ðåøåòêà, ýëåìåíòû êîòîðîé ñîñòàâëÿþò êîíöåíòðè÷åñêèå êîëüöà.

4.5.1.38. Áèìîðôíûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Bimorph transducer, flexing piezoelectric element) - ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñêèé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, ñîäåðæàùèé äâà ïüåçîýëåìåíòà (èíîãäà â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ïàññèâíûìè ýëåìåíòàìè), ñîåäèíåííûå òàê, ÷òî ïðè âîçáóæäåíèè îäèí èç íèõ ðàñøèðÿåòñÿ, äðóãîé ñæèìàåòñÿ, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî ñîçäàþòñÿ èçãèáíûå êîëåáàíèÿ.

4.5.1.39. Îïòè÷åñêèé (ëàçåðíûé) ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü (Optical laser transducer) - ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, èñïîëüçóþùèé ëàçåðû äëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ è (èëè) ïðèåìà óïðóãèõ âîëí.

4.5.2. Ýëåìåíòû ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé

4.5.2.1. Ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñòâî (Piezoelectricity) - âîçíèêíîâåíèå ïîâåðõíîñòíûõ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ çàðÿäîâ ïîä äåéñòâèåì ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ íàïðÿæåíèé (ïðÿìîé ïüåçîýôôåêò) è âîçíèêíîâåíèå äåôîðìàöèè ïîä äåéñòâèåì ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî ïîëÿ (îáðàòíûé ïüåçîýôôåêò) â íåêîòîðûõ àíèçîòðîïíûõ äèýëåêòðèêàõ è ïîëóïðîâîäíèêàõ.

4.5.2.2. Ïüåçîýëåìåíò (Piezoelectric element, crystal) - àêòèâíûé ýëåìåíò ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, âûïîëíåííûé èç ìàòåðèàëà ñ ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñêèìè ñâîéñòâàìè.

4.5.2.3. Ìåòàëëèçèðîâàííûé ïüåçîýëåìåíò (Metal plated crystal, metal plated transducer) - ïüåçîýëåìåíò ñ íàíåñåííûìè íà åãî ïîâåðõíîñòè ìåòàëëè÷åñêèìè ýëåêòðîäàìè.

4.5.2.4. Íåçàùèùåííûé (îòêðûòûé) ïüåçîýëåìåíò (Bare crystal, bare transducer) - ïüåçîýëåìåíò áåç ýëåìåíòîâ çàùèòû îò èñòèðàíèÿ èëè èíûõ ïîâðåæäåíèé.

4.5.2.5. Çàùèùåííûé ïüåçîýëåìåíò (Protected crystal, protected transducer) - ïüåçîýëåìåíò ñ ýëåìåíòàìè çàùèòû îò èñòèðàíèÿ èëè èíûõ ïîâðåæäåíèé.

4.5.2.6. Ïðîòåêòîð ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Wear plate, wear face, diaphragm):

1. Äåòàëü, ðàñïîëîæåííàÿ ìåæäó ïüåçîýëåìåíòîì è îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ èëè èììåðñèîííîé ñðåäîé, ñëóæàùàÿ äëÿ çàùèòû ïüåçîýëåìåíòà îò èçíîñà è ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ïîâðåæäåíèé.

2. Ñîñòàâíàÿ ÷àñòü ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ â âèäå òîíêîãî ñëîÿ çàùèòíîãî ìàòåðèàëà, ïðåäîõðàíÿþùåãî ïüåçîýëåìåíò îò íåïîñðåäñòâåííîãî êîíòàêòà ñ îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ [10].

4.5.2.7. Äåìïôåð (Damping element, damper, transducer backing, buffer):

1. Äåòàëü ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííàÿ äëÿ óâåëè÷åíèÿ çàòóõàíèÿ êîëåáàíèé åãî àêòèâíîãî ýëåìåíòà. Äåìïôåð ðàñøèðÿåò ïîëîñó ïðîïóñêàíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ è óìåíüøàåò äëèòåëüíîñòü èçëó÷àåìûõ èì èìïóëüñîâ, à òàêæå ïîâûøàåò ïðî÷íîñòü ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

2. Ìàòåðèàë, ñîåäèíåííûé ñ òûëüíîé ïîâåðõíîñòüþ ïüåçîýëåìåíòà è ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ ãàøåíèÿ ñîáñòâåííûõ êîëåáàíèé ïîñëåäíåãî [10].

4.5.2.8. Ïðèçìà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (íàêëîííîãî) (Wedge, shoe):

1. Äåòàëü â âèäå ïðèçìû ñïåöèàëüíîé ôîðìû (îáû÷íî âûïîëíÿåìàÿ èç ïëàñòèêà), ðàñïîëîæåííàÿ ìåæäó ïüåçîýëåìåíòîì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ è îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ è ñëóæàùàÿ äëÿ ââîäà â ýòîò îáúåêò óëüòðàçâóêà ïîä èçâåñòíûì óãëîì ïðåëîìëåíèÿ è (èëè) ïðèåìà óïðóãèõ âîëí, ïàäàþùèõ íà ïîâåðõíîñòü ÎÊ ïîä óãëîì, îòëè÷íûì îò ïðÿìîãî.

2. Äåòàëü â âèäå ïðèçìû ñïåöèàëüíîé ôîðìû (îáû÷íî âûïîëíÿåìàÿ èç ïëàñòèêà), ÿâëÿþùàÿñÿ ñîåäèíèòåëüíûì çâåíîì ìåæäó ïüåçîýëåìåíòîì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ è îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ è ñëóæàùàÿ äëÿ ââîäà â ýòîò îáúåêò óëüòðàçâóêà ïîä èçâåñòíûì óãëîì ïðåëîìëåíèÿ [10].

4.5.2.9. Ôîêóñèðóþùèé ïüåçîýëåìåíò (Focusing crystal, focusing transducer) - ïüåçîýëåìåíò, èìåþùèé ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå îäíó âîãíóòóþ ïîâåðõíîñòü è èñïîëüçóåìûé äëÿ ôîêóñèðîâêè àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïîëÿ.

4.5.2.10. Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ ëèíçà (Acoustic lens) - ïàññèâíûé ýëåìåíò ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, ðàñïîëîæåííûé ìåæäó ïüåçîýëåìåíòîì è îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ èëè àêóñòè÷åñêîé çàäåðæêîé, ñëóæàùèé äëÿ ôîêóñèðîâêè àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïîëÿ.

4.5.2.11. Ïëîñêî-âîãíóòàÿ ëèíçà (Plane-concave lens) - àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ ëèíçà ñ îäíîé ïëîñêîé, äðóãîé âîãíóòîé ïîâåðõíîñòÿìè.

4.5.2.12. Äâîÿêîâîãíóòàÿ ëèíçà (Biconcave lens) - àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ ëèíçà ñ äâóìÿ âîãíóòûìè ïîâåðõíîñòÿìè.

4.5.2.13. Ñîãëàñîâàíèå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ñî ñðåäîé (Matching transducer to the media) - ïîâûøåíèå ýôôåêòèâíîñòè èçëó÷åíèÿ (èëè ïðèåìà) ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ïóòåì ââåäåíèÿ ìåæäó íèì è ñðåäîé ñîãëàñóþùåãî ñëîÿ ñ îïðåäåëåííûìè ïàðàìåòðàìè.

4.5.2.14. Ñîãëàñóþùèé ñëîé (Matching layer) - ñëîé ìàòåðèàëà ñ îïðåäåëåííûìè âîëíîâûì ñîïðîòèâëåíèåì è òîëùèíîé, èñïîëüçóåìûé äëÿ ñîãëàñîâàíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ñî ñðåäîé.

4.5.2.15. Òèòàíàò áàðèÿ (Barium titanate) - ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñêàÿ êåðàìèêà - òèòàíîâîêèñëûé áàðèé, ÂàÒiO3.

4.5.2.16. Öèðêîíàò-òèòàíàò ñâèíöà, ÖÒÑ (Lead zirconate-titanate, PZT) - òèï ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñêîé êåðàìèêè.

4.5.2.17. Ìåòàíèîáàò ñâèíöà (Lead metaniobate) - ìîíîêðèñòàëëè÷åñêèé ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñêèé ìàòåðèàë, PbNb2O6.

4.5.2.18. Êâàðö (Quartz) - ìîíîêðèñòàëëè÷åñêèé ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñêèé ìàòåðèàë, SiO2.

4.5.2.19. Ñóëüôàò ëèòèÿ (Lithium sulphate) - ìîíîêðèñòàëëè÷åñêèé ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñêèé ìàòåðèàë, Li2SO4H2O.

4.5.2.20. Íèîáàò ëèòèÿ (Lithium niobate) - ìîíîêðèñòàëëè÷åñêèé ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñêèé ìàòåðèàë.

4.5.2.21. Ïîëèâèíèëäåíôòîðèä, ÏÂÄÔ (Polyvinildenftoride, PVDF) - ïîëèìåðíûé ãèáêèé ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñêèé ìàòåðèàë, èñïîëüçóåìûé ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî äëÿ ðàáîòû íà âûñîêèõ ÷àñòîòàõ.

4.5.2.22. Êðèñòàëë Õ-ñðåçà (X-cut crystal) - ïëàñòèíà èç ìîíîêðèñòàëëè÷åñêîãî ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî ìàòåðèàëà (îáû÷íî êâàðöà), âûðåçàííàÿ òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òî åå êðèñòàëëîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ îñü Y ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíà ïîâåðõíîñòÿì ñ íàíåñåííûìè íà íèõ ýëåêòðîäàìè. Èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå èçëó÷àòåëÿ è (èëè) ïðèåìíèêà ïðîäîëüíûõ âîëí [10].

4.5.2.23. Êðèñòàëë Y-ñðåçà (Y-cut crystal) - ïëàñòèíà èç ìîíîêðèñòàëëè÷åñêîãî ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî ìàòåðèàëà (îáû÷íî êâàðöà), âûðåçàííàÿ òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òî åå êðèñòàëëîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ îñü Y ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíà ïîâåðõíîñòÿì ñ íàíåñåííûìè íà íèõ ýëåêòðîäàìè. Èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå èçëó÷àòåëÿ è (èëè) ïðèåìíèêà ïîïåðå÷íûõ âîëí [10].

4.5.2.24. Ëèíèÿ çàäåðæêè, àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ çàäåðæêà (Delay line, buffer rod, standoff) - ìàòåðèàë (òâåðäûé èëè æèäêèé), ðàñïîëîæåííûé ìåæäó ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì è îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ è èñïîëüçóåìûé äëÿ çàäåðæêè àêóñòè÷åñêîãî èìïóëüñà íà âðåìÿ åãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ â ýòîì ìàòåðèàëå.

4.5.2.25. Êîíòàêòíûé íàêîíå÷íèê (Contact tip) - äåòàëü ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ñ ñóõèì òî÷å÷íûì êîíòàêòîì, èìåþùàÿ ìàëóþ âîëíîâóþ äëèíó è îñòðîêîíå÷íóþ èëè ñôåðè÷åñêóþ êîíòàêòíóþ ïîâåðõíîñòü, îáû÷íî âûïîëíÿåìàÿ èç òâåðäîãî, èçíîñîñòîéêîãî ìàòåðèàëà (êîðóíäà, àëìàçà, çàêàëåííîé ñòàëè è ò.ï.).

4.5.2.26. Íàêëàäêà (Lap) - ïàññèâíûé ýëåìåíò âèáðàòîðà ñîñòàâíîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, èçìåíÿþùèé (îáû÷íî ñíèæàþùèé) ñîáñòâåííóþ ÷àñòîòó åãî àêòèâíîãî ýëåìåíòà.

4.5.2.27. Òûëüíàÿ ìàññà (Backing mass) - ïàññèâíûé ýëåìåíò âèáðàòîðà ñîñòàâíîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, ñëóæàùèé èíåðöèîííîé íàãðóçêîé òûëüíîé ñòîðîíû ïüåçîýëåìåíòà è èñïîëüçóåìûé äëÿ ïîâûøåíèÿ èíòåíñèâíîñòè èçëó÷åíèÿ âèáðàòîðà â ðàáî÷óþ íàãðóçêó è óâåëè÷åíèÿ óðîâíÿ ïðèíÿòîãî ñèãíàëà.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ àêñåëåðîìåòðàõ ïîäîáíûé ýëåìåíò èñïîëüçóþò äëÿ ïîâûøåíèÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè è íàçûâàþò èíåðöèîííîé (ñåéñìè÷åñêîé) ìàññîé.

4.5.2.28. Êîðïóñ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Housing, probe case, probe casing) - êîíñòðóêòèâíûé óçåë, â êîòîðîì ðàçìåùåíû âñå ýëåìåíòû ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

4.5.2.29. Çâóêîïðîâîä, âîëíîâîä (Wave guide) - ïàññèâíûé ýëåìåíò àêóñòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû, ñëóæàùèé äëÿ ïåðåäà÷è óïðóãèõ âîëí ìåæäó ýëåìåíòàìè àêóñòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû (íàïðèìåð, îò èçëó÷àòåëÿ ê íàõîäÿùåìóñÿ ïðè âûñîêîé òåìïåðàòóðå îáúåêòó êîíòðîëÿ).

4.5.3. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé

4.5.3.1. Ðàáî÷àÿ ïîâåðõíîñòü ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Probe operating surface) - ïîâåðõíîñòü ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, ÷åðåç êîòîðóþ îí èçëó÷àåò è (èëè) ïðèíèìàåò óïðóãèå êîëåáàíèÿ.

4.5.3.2. Òî÷êà âûõîäà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Probe index) - òî÷êà ïåðåñå÷åíèÿ àêóñòè÷åñêîé îñè ïó÷êà ñ ðàáî÷åé ïîâåðõíîñòüþ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ. Ïðîåêöèþ ýòîé òî÷êè íà áîêîâóþ ïîâåðõíîñòü íàêëîííîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ îáû÷íî îòìå÷àþò ðèñêîé íà ýòîé ïîâåðõíîñòè [10].

4.5.3.3. Óãîë ïðèçìû ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Wedge angle) - óãîë ìåæäó ïëîñêîñòüþ àêòèâíîãî ýëåìåíòà (îáû÷íî ïüåçîýëåìåíòà) è ðàáî÷åé ïîâåðõíîñòüþ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ. Ðàâåí óãëó ìåæäó àêóñòè÷åñêîé îñüþ ïüåçîýëåìåíòà â òåëå ïðèçìû è íîðìàëüþ ê ðàáî÷åé ïîâåðõíîñòè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

4.5.3.4. Óãîë ââîäà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Angle of probe) - óãîë ìåæäó íîðìàëüþ ê ïîâåðõíîñòè ââîäà è ëèíèåé, ñîåäèíÿþùåé öåíòð öèëèíäðè÷åñêîãî îòðàæàòåëÿ ñòàíäàðòíîãî îáðàçöà ñ òî÷êîé âûõîäà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ïðè åãî ïîëîæåíèè, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ìàêñèìàëüíîé àìïëèòóäå ýõîñèãíàëà îò îòðàæàòåëÿ.

4.5.3.5. Íîìèíàëüíûé óãîë ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Nominal angle of probe):

1. Óñòàíîâëåííîå çíà÷åíèå óãëà, ïîä êîòîðûì óïðóãàÿ âîëíà èçëó÷àåòñÿ è (èëè) ïðèíèìàåòñÿ íàêëîííûì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì äëÿ ñðåäû ñ äàííûìè àêóñòè÷åñêèìè ïàðàìåòðàìè è ïðè çàäàííîé òåìïåðàòóðå.

2. Óñòàíîâëåííîå çíà÷åíèå óãëà ïðåëîìëåíèÿ íàêëîííîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ äëÿ äàííîãî ìàòåðèàëà è òåìïåðàòóðû [10].

4.5.3.6. Íîìèíàëüíàÿ ÷àñòîòà (Nominal frequency) - ðàáî÷àÿ ÷àñòîòà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, âûáðàííàÿ èçãîòîâèòåëåì (îáû÷íî èç ðåêîìåíäóåìîãî ðÿäà).

4.5.3.7. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà íàïðàâëåííîñòè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Directivity characteristic, directivity function) - çàâèñèìîñòü àìïëèòóäû (èëè èíòåíñèâíîñòè) àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïîëÿ â äàëüíåé çîíå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ íà ïîñòîÿííîì ðàññòîÿíèè îò ýôôåêòèâíîãî àêóñòè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà èçëó÷åíèÿ îò óãëà ìåæäó öåíòðàëüíûì ëó÷îì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ è ïðÿìîé, ïðîõîäÿùåé ÷åðåç ýôôåêòèâíûé àêóñòè÷åñêèé öåíòð è òåêóùóþ òî÷êó. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà íàïðàâëåííîñòè ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåíà â àíàëèòè÷åñêîé èëè ãðàôè÷åñêîé ôîðìå.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Îáû÷íî äèàãðàììó íàïðàâëåííîñòè ðàññìàòðèâàþò â îïðåäåëåííîì ïðîäîëüíîì ñå÷åíèè àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïîëÿ èçëó÷åííîé âîëíû, ÷òî èñêëþ÷àåò íåîïðåäåëåííîñòü â íàõîæäåíèè ýôôåêòèâíîãî àêóñòè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà.

4.5.3.8. Äèàãðàììà íàïðàâëåííîñòè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Directivity characteristic) - ãðàôè÷åñêîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè íàïðàâëåííîñòè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ â äåêàðòîâûõ èëè ïîëÿðíûõ êîîðäèíàòàõ.

4.5.3.9. Îñíîâíîé ëåïåñòîê äèàãðàììû íàïðàâëåííîñòè (Main lobe of directivity characteristic) - îáëàñòü äèàãðàììû íàïðàâëåííîñòè, âêëþ÷àþùàÿ â ñåáÿ åå ìàêñèìóì è îãðàíè÷åííàÿ áëèæàéøèìè ê íåìó íóëÿìè èëè äîñòàòî÷íî ãëóáîêèìè (îáû÷íî 0,1 èëè =0,316 îò ìàêñèìàëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ) ìèíèìóìàìè.

4.5.3.10. Áîêîâûå ëåïåñòêè äèàãðàììû íàïðàâëåííîñòè (Side lobes of directivity characteristic) - îáëàñòè äèàãðàììû íàïðàâëåííîñòè, ïðèëåãàþùèå ê åå ëîêàëüíûì ìàêñèìóìàì è ëåæàùèå çà ïðåäåëàìè åå îñíîâíîãî ëåïåñòêà.

4.5.3.11. Óðîâåíü áîêîâûõ ëåïåñòêîâ (Side lobes level) - ìàêñèìàëüíûé óðîâåíü äèàãðàììû íàïðàâëåííîñòè çà ïðåäåëàìè îñíîâíîãî åå ëåïåñòêà [5].

4.5.3.12. Øèðèíà îñíîâíîãî ëåïåñòêà äèàãðàììû íàïðàâëåííîñòè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Directivity characteristic width) - óãîë ðàñõîæäåíèÿ îñíîâíîãî ëåïåñòêà äèàãðàììû íàïðàâëåííîñòè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ. Ïðè ðàáîòå â ðåæèìå èçëó÷åíèÿ èëè ïðèåìà óìåíüøåíèå àìïëèòóäû íà êðàÿõ ïó÷êà îáû÷íî ñîñòàâëÿåò 3 äÁ, à â ðåæèìå äâîéíîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ - 6 äÁ, èíîãäà - 10 è 20 äÁ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî.

4.5.3.13. Ðàáî÷àÿ ÷àñòîòà (Operation frequency) - ÷àñòîòà, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ ìàêñèìàëüíîé àìïëèòóäå ñïåêòðà àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ñèãíàëà, èçëó÷åííîãî è (èëè) ïðèíÿòîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì, ïðè óñëîâèè, ÷òî ýòîò ìàêñèìóì åäèíñòâåííûé.  îñòàëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ÷àñòîòà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ èíòåðôåðåíöèîííûì ñïîñîáîì èëè ïî òðåì ïåðèîäàì êîëåáàíèé âáëèçè ìàêñèìóìà.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ðàáî÷àÿ ÷àñòîòà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, äåôåêòîñêîïà è ñðåäû, ÿâëÿþùåéñÿ àêóñòè÷åñêîé íàãðóçêîé àêòèâíîãî ýëåìåíòà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

4.5.3.14. Ñòðåëà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (X-value) - ðàññòîÿíèå îò òî÷êè âûõîäà íàêëîííîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ äî åãî ïåðåäíåé ãðàíè [2].

4.5.3.15. Ïåðåäàòî÷íàÿ ôóíêöèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Probe transfer function) - êîìïëåêñíîå îòíîøåíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ ñèãíàëà íà âûõîäå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ñ îïðåäåëåííûìè íàãðóçêàìè åãî ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ è ýëåêòðè÷åñêîé ñòîðîí ê ïàðàìåòðàì ñèãíàëà íà åãî âõîäå.  ðåæèìå èçëó÷åíèÿ: ïàðàìåòðû ñèãíàëà íà âûõîäå - çâóêîâîå äàâëåíèå, ñìåùåíèå èëè êîëåáàòåëüíàÿ ñêîðîñòü, íà âõîäå - ýëåêòðè÷åñêîå íàïðÿæåíèå èëè òîê.  ðåæèìå ïðèåìà: ïàðàìåòðû ñèãíàëà íà âûõîäå - ýëåêòðè÷åñêîå íàïðÿæåíèå èëè òîê, íà âõîäå - çâóêîâîå äàâëåíèå, ñìåùåíèå èëè êîëåáàòåëüíàÿ ñêîðîñòü.

4.5.3.16. Êîýôôèöèåíò ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ (Probe conversion coefficient) - ìîäóëü ïåðåäàòî÷íîé ôóíêöèè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

4.5.3.17. Êîýôôèöèåíò äâîéíîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ (Probe double conversion coefficient) - ïðîèçâåäåíèå êîýôôèöèåíòîâ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ äëÿ ðåæèìîâ èçëó÷åíèÿ è ïðèåìà.

4.5.3.18. Àìïëèòóäíî-÷àñòîòíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, À×Õ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Frequency response) - çàâèñèìîñòü êîýôôèöèåíòà ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ îò ÷àñòîòû.

4.5.3.19. Ïîëîñà ïðîïóñêàíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Transducers bandwidth, probes bandwidth) - èíòåðâàë ÷àñòîò, â ïðåäåëàõ êîòîðîãî À×Õ êîýôôèöèåíòà ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò íå ìåíåå 0,707 (ðåæèìû èçëó÷åíèÿ èëè ïðèåìà) èëè 0,5 (ñîâìåùåííûé ðåæèì èçëó÷åíèÿ-ïðèåìà) îò ìàêñèìàëüíîãî.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. ×èñëî ïîëîñ ïðîïóñêàíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ìîæåò áûòü áîëüøå åäèíèöû.

4.5.3.20. ×àñòîòà ìàêñèìóìà ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ (Frequency of maximum conversion) - ÷àñòîòà, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ ìàêñèìàëüíîìó çíà÷åíèþ àìïëèòóäíî-÷àñòîòíîé õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ýëåêòðîàêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

4.5.3.21. Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ íàãðóçêà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Acoustic load) - ñðåäà (òâåðäàÿ, æèäêàÿ èëè ãàçîîáðàçíàÿ), íàãðóæàþùàÿ ðàáî÷óþ ïîâåðõíîñòü ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ. Ñòåïåíü àêóñòè÷åñêîé íàãðóçêè îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ âõîäíûì àêóñòè÷åñêèì èìïåäàíñîì ýòîé ñðåäû.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Åñëè óñëîâèÿ ðàáîòû èñêëþ÷àþò ïðèõîä îòðàæåííûõ ñèãíàëîâ âî âðåìÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ, òî âìåñòî àêóñòè÷åñêîãî èìïåäàíñà èñïîëüçóþò âîëíîâîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå ñðåäû.

4.5.3.22. Ýëåêòðè÷åñêàÿ íàãðóçêà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Electric load) - èìïåäàíñ öåïè, íàãðóæàþùèé ýëåêòðè÷åñêóþ ñòîðîíó ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

4.5.3.23. Ñîãëàñîâàíèå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ñ ýëåêòðè÷åñêîé íàãðóçêîé (Matching transducer to the electric load) - ïîâûøåíèå ýôôåêòèâíîñòè èçëó÷åíèÿ (èëè ïðèåìà) ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ïóòåì âêëþ÷åíèÿ ìåæäó íèì è åãî ýëåêòðè÷åñêîé íàãðóçêîé ñîãëàñóþùåé ýëåêòðè÷åñêîé öåïè ñ îïðåäåëåííûìè ïàðàìåòðàìè, íàïðèìåð, êàòóøêè èíäóêòèâíîñòè èëè òðàíñôîðìàòîðà.

4.5.3.24. Ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ïîñòîÿííûå (Piezoelectric constants) - ïàðàìåòðû, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèå ñâîéñòâà ïüåçîýëåêòðèêà êàê ýëåêòðîìåõàíè÷åñêîé êîëåáàòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû.

4.5.3.25. Êîýôôèöèåíò ýëåêòðîìåõàíè÷åñêîé ñâÿçè (Electromechanical coupling coefficient, coupling coefficient) - îñíîâíîé ïàðàìåòð, ïîêàçûâàþùèé, êàêàÿ ÷àñòü îáùåé ýíåðãèè W ïüåçîýëåêòðèêà ïðåîáðàçóåòñÿ â ìåõàíè÷åñêóþ Wì èëè ýëåêòðè÷åñêóþ Wå Îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ïî ôîðìóëå . Çíà÷åíèå b çàâèñèò îò ìàòåðèàëà è ìîäû êîëåáàíèé ïüåçîïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ. Äëÿ êîëåáëþùåãîñÿ ïî òîëùèíå ïüåçîýëåìåíòà èç êâàðöà b=0,094, èç ïüåçîêåðàìèêè ÖÒÑ-19 - b=0,4.

4.5.3.26. Ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñêèé ìîäóëü, ïüåçîìîäóëü (Piezoelectric modulus) - îòíîøåíèå d ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî çàðÿäà q, âîçíèêàþùåãî íà îáêëàäêàõ ïüåçîýëåìåíòà, ê âûçûâàþùåé åãî äåôîðìàöèþ ñèëå F:d=q/F. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Êë/Í.

4.5.3.27. Òî÷êà Êþðè (Curie point) - òåìïåðàòóðà, âûøå êîòîðîé ïüåçîýëåêòðèê òåðÿåò ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ °Ñ.

4.5.3.28. Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ðàáî÷àÿ òåìïåðàòóðà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Maximum operation temperature) - ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ òåìïåðàòóðà, ïðè êîòîðîé ìîæåò ðàáîòàòü ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü. Äëÿ ïüåçîïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ îáû÷íî íåñêîëüêî ìåíüøå òî÷êè Êþðè. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ °Ñ.

4.5.3.29. Íàïðÿæåíèå ïîëÿðèçàöèè (Polling voltage)ïîñòîÿííîå íàïðÿæåíèå, èñïîëüçóåìîå äëÿ ïðèäàíèÿ çàãîòîâêàì èç ïüåçîêåðàìèêè ïüåçîýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Â.

4.5.3.30. Ïàêåò ïüåçîýëåìåíòîâ (Slack) - ïàêåò èç íåñêîëüêèõ ñêðåïëåííûõ ìåæäó ñîáîé ïüåçîýëåìåíòîâ. Îáû÷íî ïüåçîýëåìåíòû ñîåäèíÿþò ìåõàíè÷åñêè ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî, à ýëåêòðè÷åñêè ïàðàëëåëüíî.

4.5.3.31. Êîýôôèöèåíò äåìïôèðîâàíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Probe damping factor) - âåëè÷èíà, îáðàòíàÿ ÷èñëó ïîëóïåðèîäîâ, íåîáõîäèìûõ äëÿ óìåíüøåíèÿ óðîâíÿ ñèãíàëà äî îïðåäåëåííîãî ïðîöåíòà îò ìàêñèìàëüíîé àìïëèòóäû èìïóëüñà [10].

Ðèñ. 9. Îïðåäåëåíèå êîýôôèöèåíòà äåìïôèðîâàíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

Ïðè çàòóõàíèè àìïëèòóäû èìïóëüñà äî 25 % ìàêñèìàëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ êîýôôèöèåíò äåìïôèðîâàíèÿ ðàâåí îáðàòíîìó ÷èñëó ïîëóïåðèîäîâ (4), òî åñòü 1/4=0,25

4.5.3.32. Ðàçìåð àêòèâíîãî ýëåìåíòà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Transducer size) - ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèé ðàçìåð àêòèâíîãî ýëåìåíòà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ [10].

4.5.3.33. Ýôôåêòèâíûé ðàçìåð àêòèâíîãî ýëåìåíòà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Effective transducer size):

1. Ðàçìåð ôàêòè÷åñêè ôóíêöèîíèðóþùåé ÷àñòè àêòèâíîãî ýëåìåíòà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, ðàññ÷èòàííûé ïî èçìåðåííûì çíà÷åíèÿì äëèíû âîëíû è ïðîòÿæåííîñòè áëèæíåé çîíû èëè ïàðàìåòðàì äèàãðàììû íàïðàâëåííîñòè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ. Îáû÷íî íå ïðåâîñõîäèò ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîãî ðàçìåðà àêòèâíîãî ýëåìåíòà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

2. Óìåíüøåííûé ðàçìåð àêòèâíîãî ýëåìåíòà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, îïðåäåëåííûé èçìåðåíèåì äëèíû âîëíû è ïðîòÿæåííîñòè áëèæíåé çîíû [10].

4.5.3.34. Ïóòü â çàäåðæêå (Delay path) - ïóòü àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïó÷êà îò ïüåçîýëåìåíòà äî òî÷êè âûõîäà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ [10]. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ìì.

4.5.3.35. Àïåðòóðà (Aperture) - ðàçìåðû ïîâåðõíîñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ, ÷åðåç êîòîðóþ ïðîèñõîäÿò èçëó÷åíèå è ïðèåì óïðóãèõ êîëåáàíèé. Äëÿ óçêîíàïðàâëåííûõ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé â òðàäèöèîííûõ ñõåìàõ êîíòðîëÿ àïåðòóðîé íàçûâàþò ðàçìåðû ðàáî÷åé ïîâåðõíîñòè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ. Äëÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé ñ øèðîêîé äèàãðàììîé íàïðàâëåííîñòè, èëè ñ ïåðåìåííûì óãëîì ââîäà, àïåðòóðà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ðàçìåðîì âñåé çîíû ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, ÷åðåç êîòîðóþ ïðîèñõîäèò èçëó÷åíèå â íàïðàâëåíèè âûäåëåííîé îáëàñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ è ïðèåì ýõîñèãíàëîâ. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ìì2.

4.6. Ñïîñîáû àêóñòè÷åñêîãî êîíòàêòà

4.6.1. Àêóñòè÷åñêèé êîíòàêò (Acoustic contact) - ñîåäèíåíèå ðàáî÷åé ïîâåðõíîñòè ýëåêòðîàêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ñ îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ, îáåñïå÷èâàþùåå ïðîõîæäåíèå àêóñòè÷åñêèõ âîëí ìåæäó íèìè.

4.6.2. Êîíòàêòíàÿ ñðåäà, êîíòàêòíàÿ ïëåíêà (Couplant, coupling medium, coupling film) - ñðåäà, ïîìåùàåìàÿ ìåæäó ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì è îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ïðîõîæäåíèÿ àêóñòè÷åñêèõ âîëí ìåæäó íèìè.

4.6.3. Êîíòàêòíûé ñïîñîá (Contact technique) - àêóñòè÷åñêèé êîíòàêò ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, ïðèæàòîãî ê îáúåêòó êîíòðîëÿ, ÷åðåç ñëîé æèäêîñòè òîëùèíîé ìåíåå ïîëîâèíû äëèíû âîëíû.

4.6.4. Èììåðñèîííûé ñïîñîá (Immersion technique) - àêóñòè÷åñêèé êîíòàêò ÷åðåç ñëîé æèäêîñòè òîëùèíîé, áîëüøåé ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîé ïðîòÿæåííîñòè àêóñòè÷åñêîãî èìïóëüñà, èëè íåñêîëüêèõ äëèí âîëí äëÿ íåïðåðûâíîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ [2].

4.6.5. Ùåëåâîé ñïîñîá (Gap testing technique) - àêóñòè÷åñêèé êîíòàêò ÷åðåç ñëîé æèäêîñòè òîëùèíîé ïîðÿäêà äëèíû âîëíû [2].

4.6.6. Ñòðóéíûé ñïîñîá (Jet technique, squirter technique) - àêóñòè÷åñêèé êîíòàêò ÷åðåç ñòðóþ æèäêîñòè, ñîçäàâàåìóþ ìåæäó ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì è îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ [2].

4.6.7. Ñóõîé êîíòàêò (Dry contact) - àêóñòè÷åñêèé êîíòàêò áåç ïðèìåíåíèÿ æèäêîñòåé, ñìà÷èâàþùèõ îáúåêò êîíòðîëÿ.

4.6.8. Ñóõîé òî÷å÷íûé êîíòàêò (Dry point contact) - ñóõîé àêóñòè÷åñêèé êîíòàêò ÷åðåç äâîÿêîâûïóêëóþ ïîâåðõíîñòü ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (îáû÷íî ñôåðè÷åñêóþ èëè êîíè÷åñêóþ), èìåþùèé ìàëóþ ïëîùàäü ñîïðèêîñíîâåíèÿ ñ îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ.

4.6.9. Áåñêîíòàêòíûé ñïîñîá (Noncontacting technique) - ñïîñîá ââîäà è (èëè) ïðèåìà óïðóãèõ êîëåáàíèé áåç ïðèìåíåíèÿ æèäêèõ èëè òâåðäûõ êîíòàêòíûõ ñðåä.

4.6.10. Ñïîñîá ñ âîçäóøíîé ñâÿçüþ (Air coupled technique) - ñïîñîá, èñïîëüçóþùèé âîçäóõ (èëè èíîé ãàç) â êà÷åñòâå êîíòàêòíîé ñðåäû ìåæäó ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì è îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ.

4.6.11. Êîíòàêòíàÿ ãèáêîñòü (Contact flexibility, contact compliance) - ãèáêîñòü ìàëîé ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äëèíîé âîëíû çîíû êîíòàêòà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ñ îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ ïðè ñóõîì òî÷å÷íîì ñïîñîáå êîíòàêòà. Óïðóãîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå êîíòàêòíîé ãèáêîñòè óõóäøàåò ïåðåäà÷ó ýíåðãèè ìåæäó ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì è îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ.

4.6.12. Ñòàòè÷åñêàÿ êîíòàêòíàÿ ãèáêîñòü (Static contact flexibility) - ãèáêîñòü, ñâÿçàííàÿ ñ äåéñòâèåì ñòàòè÷åñêîé ñèëû, âûçûâàþùåé ïîñòîÿííîå ñìåùåíèå óïðóãîãî ýëåìåíòà. Äëÿ ñóõîãî òî÷å÷íîãî êîíòàêòà ñòàòè÷åñêàÿ ãèáêîñòü - ñóùåñòâåííî íåëèíåéíàÿ âåëè÷èíà.

4.6.13. Äèíàìè÷åñêàÿ êîíòàêòíàÿ ãèáêîñòü (Dynamic contact flexibility) - îòíîøåíèå àìïëèòóäû èò ïåðåìåííîé ñîñòàâëÿþùåé ñìåùåíèÿ óïðóãîãî ýëåìåíòà ê àìïëèòóäå Fm âîçáóæäàþùåé êîëåáàíèÿ ãàðìîíè÷åñêîé ñèëû. Ïðè ñóõîì òî÷å÷íîì êîíòàêòå íàðÿäó ñ ãàðìîíè÷åñêîé ñèëîé íà ýëåìåíò óïðóãîñòè îáû÷íî äåéñòâóåò ïîñòîÿííàÿ ñèëà F0, ïðè÷åì Fm<<F0. Ïðè ýòîì äèíàìè÷åñêàÿ êîíòàêòíàÿ ãèáêîñòü - ïðàêòè÷åñêè ëèíåéíàÿ âåëè÷èíà.

4.6.14. Ïîòåðè â êîíòàêòíîé ñðåäå (Coupling losses) - ïîòåðè àêóñòè÷åñêîé ýíåðãèè íà ãðàíèöå ðàçäåëà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ñ îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ [10].

4.6.15. Ñîãëàñîâàíèå àêóñòè÷åñêèõ èìïåäàíñîâ (Acoustical impedance matching) - ñîãëàñîâàíèå àêóñòè÷åñêèõ èìïåäàíñîâ äâóõ êîíòàêòèðóþùèõ òåë (ñðåä) èç ðàçëè÷íûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ äëÿ îïòèìèçàöèè ïåðåäà÷è àêóñòè÷åñêîé ýíåðãèè ìåæäó íèìè [10].

4.7. Àêóñòè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ

4.7.1. Àêóñòè÷åñêèé ìåòîä (Acoustic method):

 øèðîêîì ñìûñëå: ìåòîä íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ, èñïîëüçóþùèé óïðóãèå (àêóñòè÷åñêèå) êîëåáàíèÿ è âîëíû çâóêîâûõ è óëüòðàçâóêîâûõ ÷àñòîò (îò 0 äî 1 ÃÃö).

 óçêîì ñìûñëå (sonic method): ìåòîä íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ, èñïîëüçóþùèé óïðóãèå êîëåáàíèÿ è âîëíû çâóêîâûõ (èíîãäà è íèçêèõ óëüòðàçâóêîâûõ) ÷àñòîò.

4.7.2. Óëüòðàçâóêîâîé ìåòîä (Ultrasonic method) - àêóñòè÷åñêèé ìåòîä, èñïîëüçóþùèé óïðóãèå êîëåáàíèÿ è âîëíû óëüòðàçâóêîâûõ ÷àñòîò (áîëåå 20 êÃö).

4.7.3. Àêòèâíûé àêóñòè÷åñêèé ìåòîä (Active acoustic method) - ìåòîä, îñíîâàííûé íà èçëó÷åíèè è ïðèåìå óïðóãèõ âîëí.

4.7.4. Ïàññèâíûé àêóñòè÷åñêèé ìåòîä (Passive acoustic method) - ìåòîä, îñíîâàííûé òîëüêî íà ïðèåìå óïðóãèõ âîëí, èñòî÷íèêîì êîòîðûõ ñëóæèò ñàì êîíòðîëèðóåìûé îáúåêò.

4.7.5. Ìåòîä ïðîõîæäåíèÿ [Through transmission method (technique), transmission technique]:

1. Ìåòîä, îñíîâàííûé íà ðàçäåëüíîì èçëó÷åíèè è ïðèåìå óïðóãèõ âîëí, ðåãèñòðàöèè âîëí, ïðîøåäøèõ ÷åðåç îáúåêò êîíòðîëÿ, è àíàëèçå ïàðàìåòðîâ ïðèíÿòûõ ñèãíàëîâ (íàïðèìåð: àìïëèòóäû, ôàçû, âðåìåíè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ è ò.ï.). Ìåòîä ðåàëèçóåòñÿ ñ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿìè, èçëó÷àþùèìè íåïðåðûâíûå èëè èìïóëüñíûå êîëåáàíèÿ.

2. Ìåòîä óëüòðàçâóêîâîãî êîíòðîëÿ, â êîòîðîì êà÷åñòâî ìàòåðèàëà îöåíèâàþò ïî èíòåíñèâíîñòè óëüòðàçâóêîâîé ýíåðãèè, ðåãèñòðèðóåìîé ïðèåìíûì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì ïîñëå åå ïðîõîæäåíèÿ ÷åðåç ìàòåðèàë. Ìåòîä ðåàëèçóåòñÿ ñ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿìè, èçëó÷àþùèìè íåïðåðûâíûå èëè èìïóëüñíûå êîëåáàíèÿ [10].

4.7.6. Àìïëèòóäíûé ìåòîä ïðîõîæäåíèÿ [Through transmission method (technique)] - ìåòîä ïðîõîæäåíèÿ, îñíîâàííûé íà àíàëèçå àìïëèòóäû ïðèíÿòîãî ñêâîçíîãî ñèãíàëà.

4.7.7. Òåíåâîé ìåòîä [Through transmission method (technique)] - àìïëèòóäíûé ìåòîä ïðîõîæäåíèÿ, îñíîâàííûé íà èçìåíåíèè (îáû÷íî óìåíüøåíèè) àìïëèòóäû ñêâîçíîãî ñèãíàëà, îáóñëîâëåííîì íàëè÷èåì äåôåêòà.

4.7.8. Âðåìåííîé ìåòîä ïðîõîæäåíèÿ, âðåìåííîé òåíåâîé ìåòîä [Through transmission method (technique)] - ìåòîä ïðîõîæäåíèÿ, îñíîâàííûé íà èçìåíåíèè (óâåëè÷åíèè) âðåìåíè ïðîõîæäåíèÿ ïðèíÿòîãî ñèãíàëà â çîíå äåôåêòà âñëåäñòâèå óäëèíåíèÿ ïóòè óëüòðàçâóêîâîãî ïó÷êà.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  îòëè÷èå îò âåëîñèìåòðè÷åñêîãî ìåòîäà çäåñü äåôåêò íå ìåíÿåò òèï óïðóãîé âîëíû.

4.7.9. Ìåòîä ìíîãîêðàòíîé òåíè [Through transmission method (technique)] - ìåòîä ïðîõîæäåíèÿ, îñíîâàííûé íà ïðèåìå àêóñòè÷åñêèõ èìïóëüñîâ, ìíîãîêðàòíî ïðîøåäøèõ ÷åðåç îáúåêò êîíòðîëÿ.

4.7.10. Âåëîñèìåòðè÷åñêèé ìåòîä (Velocimetric method) - ìåòîä ïðîõîæäåíèÿ, îñíîâàííûé íà àíàëèçå èçìåíåíèÿ ñêîðîñòè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ óïðóãèõ âîëí â çîíå äåôåêòà. Ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ â íåñêîëüêèõ âàðèàíòàõ ñ îäíîñòîðîííèì è äâóñòîðîííèì äîñòóïîì ê îáúåêòó êîíòðîëÿ. Îáëàñòü ïðèìåíåíèÿ - äåôåêòîñêîïèÿ ìíîãîñëîéíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé.

4.7.11. Ìåòîä îòðàæåíèÿ, ýõî-ìåòîä (Reflection method, echo method):

1. Ìåòîä, îñíîâàííûé íà èçëó÷åíèè â îáúåêò êîíòðîëÿ àêóñòè÷åñêèõ èìïóëüñîâ, îòðàæåíèè èõ îò ãðàíèö ðàçäåëà ñðåä è íåîäíîðîäíîñòåé, ïðèåìå îòðàæåííûõ èìïóëüñîâ è àíàëèçå èõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

2. Ìåòîä, â êîòîðîì èçëó÷àþò óëüòðàçâóêîâûå èìïóëüñû è ïðèíèìàþò ýõîñèãíàëû, îòðàæåííûå çà âðåìÿ îäíîãî öèêëà [10].

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Çäåñü öèêë - ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè ìåæäó äâóìÿ ñîñåäíèìè çîíäèðóþùèìè èìïóëüñàìè.

4.7.12. Äèôðàêöèîííî-âðåìåííîé ìåòîä (Time of flight diffraction method, TOFD method) - ìåòîä îòðàæåíèÿ, èñïîëüçóþùèé ðàçäåëüíûå èçëó÷àþùèé è ïðèåìíûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè è îñíîâàííûé íà ïðèåìå è àíàëèçå âðåìåíè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âîëí, äèôðàãèðîâàííûõ íà íåñïëîøíîñòè.

4.7.13. Äåëüòà-ìåòîä (Delta method) - ìåòîä îòðàæåíèÿ, îñíîâàííûé íà ïîñûëêå â îáúåêò êîíòðîëÿ íàêëîííûì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì ïîïåðå÷íîé âîëíû è ïðèåìå äðóãèì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì îòðàæåííîé îò äåôåêòà òðàíñôîðìèðîâàííîé ïðîäîëüíîé âîëíû.

4.7.14. Ðåâåðáåðàöèîííûé ìåòîä, ìåòîä ìíîãîêðàòíûõ îòðàæåíèé (Reverberation method, multiple-echo technique):

1. Ìåòîä, îñíîâàííûé íà àíàëèçå ýõîñèãíàëîâ, ìíîãîêðàòíî îòðàæåííûõ îò ãðàíèö ðàçäåëà ñðåä â îáúåêòå êîíòðîëÿ.

2. Ìåòîä, èñïîëüçóþùèé ìíîãîêðàòíî îòðàæåííûå ýõîñèãíàëû îò äîííîé ïîâåðõíîñòè èëè íåîäíîðîäíîñòè â îáúåêòå êîíòðîëÿ. Ìåòîä ïðèìåíÿþò äëÿ îöåíêè:

àìïëèòóä ñèãíàëîâ, êîãäà äëÿ êîíòðîëÿ êà÷åñòâà ìàòåðèàëà èëè ñîåäèíåíèÿ èñïîëüçóþò àìïëèòóäû ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûõ ýõî-ñèãíàëîâ;

äëèíû ïðîáåãà óëüòðàçâóêîâûõ âîëí. Ïðè èçìåðåíèè òîëùèíû ñòåíêè ïðèìåíåíèå ìíîãîêðàòíûõ îòðàæåíèé ïîâûøàåò òî÷íîñòü îòñ÷åòà [10].

4.7.15. Ýõî-çåðêàëüíûé ìåòîä (Echo-mirror method) - ìåòîä îòðàæåíèÿ, îñíîâàííûé íà àíàëèçå ïàðàìåòðîâ àêóñòè÷åñêèõ èìïóëüñîâ, îòðàæåííûõ îò íåñïëîøíîñòè è äîííîé ïîâåðõíîñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ [2].

4.7.16. Çåðêàëüíî-òåíåâîé ìåòîä (Mirror through transmission method) - ìåòîä îòðàæåíèÿ, îñíîâàííûé íà ïðèåìå äîííîãî ñèãíàëà, ïî èçìåíåíèþ àìïëèòóäû êîòîðîãî ñóäÿò î íàëè÷èè äåôåêòà.

4.7.17. Èììåðñèîííûé ìåòîä (Immersion technique) - ìåòîä, â êîòîðîì îáúåêò êîíòðîëÿ è ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè ïîãðóæåíû â æèäêîñòü, èñïîëüçóåìóþ â êà÷åñòâå êîíòàêòíîé ñðåäû è (èëè) ïðåëîìëÿþùåé ïðèçìû. Ïîãðóæåíèå ìîæåò áûòü ïîëíîå èëè ÷àñòè÷íîå.

4.7.18. Êîìáèíèðîâàííûé ìåòîä (Combined method) - ìåòîä, îäíîâðåìåííî èñïîëüçóþùèé áîëåå îäíîãî àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ìåòîäà êîíòðîëÿ.

4.7.19. Ýõî-òåíåâîé ìåòîä - êîìáèíèðîâàííûé ìåòîä, îñíîâàííûé íà àíàëèçå ïàðàìåòðîâ ñêâîçíîãî ñèãíàëà è ýõîñèãíàëà îò äåôåêòà.

4.7.20. Ýõî-ñêâîçíîé ìåòîä - êîìáèíèðîâàííûé ìåòîä, îñíîâàííûé íà àíàëèçå ñêâîçíîãî ñèãíàëà è ýõîñèãíàëîâ îò äåôåêòîâ, îòðàæåííûõ â íàïðàâëåíèè ïðèåìíîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

4.7.21. Ðåâåðáåðàöèîííî-ñêâîçíîé ìåòîä (Acoustic-ultrasonic method) - ìåòîä ïðîõîæäåíèÿ, îñíîâàííûé íà àíàëèçå ïàðàìåòðîâ èìïóëüñîâ, ïðîøåäøèõ ê ïðèåìíîìó ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëþ â ðåçóëüòàòå ìíîãîêðàòíûõ îòðàæåíèé îò ïîâåðõíîñòåé îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ.

4.7.22. Êîãåðåíòíûé ìåòîä (Coherent method) - ìåòîä, èñïîëüçóþùèé ôàçîâóþ, àìïëèòóäíóþ è âðåìåííóþ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè èíôîðìàòèâíûõ ñèãíàëîâ.

4.7.23. Íåêîãåðåíòíûé ìåòîä (Incoherent method) - ìåòîä, â îòëè÷èå îò êîãåðåíòíîãî íå èñïîëüçóþùèé ôàçîâóþ õàðàêòåðèñòèêó èíôîðìàòèâíûõ ñèãíàëîâ.

4.7.24. Ìåòîä òàíäåì (Tandem technique):

1. Ðàçíîâèäíîñòü ýõî-çåðêàëüíîãî ìåòîäà, îñíîâàííîãî íà ïðèìåíåíèè äâóõ îäèíàêîâûõ íàêëîííûõ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè íàïðàâëåíû â îäíó ñòîðîíó òàê, ÷òî èõ àêóñòè÷åñêèå îñè ëåæàò â îäíîé ïëîñêîñòè, ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ, ïðè÷åì îäèí èç ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ-ïðèåìà, äðóãîé - òîëüêî äëÿ ïðèåìà óëüòðàçâóêîâîé âîëíû. Îñíîâíîå íàçíà÷åíèå ñïîñîáà - îáíàðóæåíèå ïëîñêîñòíûõ íåñïëîøíîñòåé, ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíûõ ê ïîâåðõíîñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ.

2. Ìåòîä, îñíîâàííûé íà ïðèìåíåíèè äâóõ èëè áîëüøåãî ÷èñëà íàêëîííûõ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé, îáû÷íî ñ îäèíàêîâûìè óãëàìè ïàäåíèÿ. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè íàïðàâëåíû â îäíó ñòîðîíó òàê, ÷òî èõ àêóñòè÷åñêèå îñè ëåæàò â îäíîé ïëîñêîñòè, ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ, ïðè÷åì îäèí èç ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ, äðóãîé - äëÿ ïðèåìà óëüòðàçâóêîâîé ýíåðãèè. Îñíîâíîå íàçíà÷åíèå ñïîñîáà - îáíàðóæåíèå äåôåêòîâ, ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíûõ ê ïîâåðõíîñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ [10].

Ðèñ. 10. Ìåòîäû òàíäåì (à) è äóýò (á):

1 - èçëó÷àþùèé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü; 2 - ïðèåìíûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü; 3 - òî÷êà ïðèåìà ýõîñèãíàëà; 4 - òî÷êà ââîäà; 5 - îòðàæàòåëü

4.7.25. Ìåòîä òàíäåì-Ò (Tandem-T technique) - ðàçíîâèäíîñòü ýõî-çåðêàëüíîãî ìåòîäà, â êîòîðîì èçëó÷àåòñÿ ïîïåðå÷íàÿ âîëíà, à ïðèíèìàåòñÿ òðàíñôîðìèðîâàííàÿ íà íåñïëîøíîñòè ïðîäîëüíàÿ âîëíà. Ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ ïðè îãðàíè÷åííîé øèðèíå çîíû ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ.

4.7.26. Ìåòîä òàíäåì-äóýò, ìåòîä ñòðåäë (Tandem-duet technique) - ðàçíîâèäíîñòü ýõî-çåðêàëüíîãî ìåòîäà, îñíîâàííîãî íà ïðèìåíåíèè äâóõ îäèíàêîâûõ íàêëîííûõ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ êàê ïî ðàçíûå ñòîðîíû óñèëåíèÿ ñâàðíîãî øâà (íàïðèìåð, äëÿ îáíàðóæåíèÿ ïîïåðå÷íûõ òðåùèí), òàê è ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû øâà (íàïðèìåð, äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ ïðîäîëüíûõ âåðòèêàëüíûõ òðåùèí) òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òî èõ àêóñòè÷åñêèå îñè ïåðåñåêàþòñÿ â ñå÷åíèè øâà, à ïëîñêîñòè ïàäåíèÿ öåíòðàëüíûõ ëó÷åé óëüòðàçâóêîâûõ ïó÷êîâ èçëó÷àþùåãî è ïðèåìíîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé ðàñïîëîæåíû ïîä óãëîì äðóã ê äðóãó (îáû÷íî 100°-110°).

4.7.27. Èìïåäàíñíûé ìåòîä (Mechanical impedance analysis method, MIA method) - ìåòîä, îñíîâàííûé íà âîçáóæäåíèè â îáúåêòå êîíòðîëÿ óïðóãèõ êîëåáàíèé è àíàëèçå èçìåíåíèé ìåõàíè÷åñêîãî èìïåäàíñà ó÷àñòêà ïîâåðõíîñòè ýòîãî îáúåêòà. Ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ äëÿ äåôåêòîñêîïèè ñîåäèíåíèé â ìíîãîñëîéíûõ êîíñòðóêöèÿõ.

4.7.28. Ìåòîä êîíòàêòíîãî èìïåäàíñà [Ultrasonic contact impedance method (technique), UCI method] - âàðèàíò èìïåäàíñíîãî ìåòîäà, îñíîâàííûé íà àíàëèçå ìåõàíè÷åñêîãî èìïåäàíñà çîíû ñóõîãî òî÷å÷íîãî êîíòàêòà ñòåðæíåâîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ñ îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ. Ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ òâåðäîñòè.

4.7.29. Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ ìèêðîñêîïèÿ (Acoustic microscopy) - âàðèàíò ýõî-ìåòîäà, îòëè÷àþùèéñÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ïîâûøåííûõ (äî 100 ÌÃö) ÷àñòîò, îñòðîé ôîêóñèðîâêè è àâòîìàòè÷åñêîãî ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ ñ ìàëûì øàãîì îáúåêòîâ íåáîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà. Ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ äëÿ îáíàðóæåíèÿ íåãëóáîêèõ äåôåêòîâ ðàçìåðîì â äåñÿòêè ìèêðîìåòðîâ.

4.7.30. Ìåòîä ñîáñòâåííûõ êîëåáàíèé (Natural vibration method) - ìåòîä, îñíîâàííûé íà àíàëèçå ñîáñòâåííûõ ÷àñòîò è çàòóõàíèÿ óïðóãèõ êîëåáàíèé, èçìåðåííûõ â ðåæèìå âûíóæäåííûõ èëè ñâîáîäíûõ êîëåáàíèé.

4.7.31. Èíòåãðàëüíûé ìåòîä ñîáñòâåííûõ êîëåáàíèé (Integral natural vibration method) - ìåòîä ñîáñòâåííûõ êîëåáàíèé, èñïîëüçóþùèé âûíóæäåííûå èëè ñâîáîäíûå êîëåáàíèÿ îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ êàê åäèíîãî öåëîãî.

4.7.32. Èíòåãðàëüíûé ðåçîíàíñíûé ìåòîä (Integral resonance method) - èíòåãðàëüíûé ìåòîä ñîáñòâåííûõ êîëåáàíèé, èñïîëüçóþùèé âûíóæäåííûå êîëåáàíèÿ îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ êàê åäèíîãî öåëîãî. Îñíîâíîå ïðèìåíåíèå - êîíòðîëü ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ àáðàçèâíûõ èíñòðóìåíòîâ, áåòîíà, êåðàìèêè è äðóãèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ.

4.7.33. Ëîêàëüíûé ìåòîä ñîáñòâåííûõ êîëåáàíèé (Local natural vibration method) - ìåòîä ñîáñòâåííûõ êîëåáàíèé, èñïîëüçóþùèé âûíóæäåííûå èëè ñâîáîäíûå êîëåáàíèÿ ÷àñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ.

4.7.34. Ëîêàëüíûé ðåçîíàíñíûé ìåòîä (Local resonance method) - ëîêàëüíûé ìåòîä ñîáñòâåííûõ êîëåáàíèé, èñïîëüçóþùèé âûíóæäåííûå êîëåáàíèÿ. Îñíîâíîå ïðèìåíåíèå - èçìåðåíèå ìàëûõ òîëùèí ïðè îäíîñòîðîííåì äîñòóïå.

4.7.35. Ìåòîä ñâîáîäíûõ êîëåáàíèé (Free vibration method) - ìåòîä ñîáñòâåííûõ êîëåáàíèé, èñïîëüçóþùèé ñâîáîäíûå êîëåáàíèÿ îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ.

4.7.36. Èíòåãðàëüíûé ìåòîä ñâîáîäíûõ êîëåáàíèé (Integral free vibration method) - ìåòîä ñâîáîäíûõ êîëåáàíèé, èñïîëüçóþùèé êîëåáàíèÿ îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ êàê åäèíîãî öåëîãî. Îñíîâíîå ïðèìåíåíèå - êîíòðîëü ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ àáðàçèâíûõ èíñòðóìåíòîâ, áåòîíà, êåðàìèêè è äðóãèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ.

4.7.37. Ëîêàëüíûé ìåòîä ñâîáîäíûõ êîëåáàíèé (Local free vibration method) - ìåòîä ñâîáîäíûõ êîëåáàíèé, èñïîëüçóþùèé êîëåáàíèÿ ÷àñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ. Îñíîâíîå ïðèìåíåíèå - äåôåêòîñêîïèÿ ìíîãîñëîéíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé.

4.7.38. Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ ãîëîãðàôèÿ (Acoustical holography) - ìåòîä ïîëó÷åíèÿ èçîáðàæåíèé äåôåêòîâ, îñíîâàííûé íà îáðàáîòêå ïðèíÿòûõ ñèãíàëîâ ñ ó÷åòîì èõ àìïëèòóä, ôàç è âðåìåíè ïðèõîäà. Èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî äëÿ ýêñïåðòíîé îöåíêè õàðàêòåðèñòèê îáíàðóæåííûõ äåôåêòîâ.

4.7.39. Ãîëîãðàôè÷åñêîå èçîáðàæåíèå (Holographic presentation) - èçîáðàæåíèå, ïîëó÷åííîå ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì àêóñòè÷åñêîé ãîëîãðàôèè.

4.7.40. Öèôðîâàÿ (êîìïüþòåðíàÿ) àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ ãîëîãðàôèÿ (Digital acoustic holography) - àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ ãîëîãðàôèÿ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì êîìïüþòåðíîé îáðàáîòêè ñèãíàëîâ.

4.7.41. Ìåòîä ñèíòåçèðîâàííîé àïåðòóðû (Synthetic aperture technique) - ýõî-ìåòîä, îñíîâàííûé íà ðàñøèðåíèè àïåðòóðû ïóòåì ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì ñ øèðîêîé äèàãðàììîé íàïðàâëåííîñòè è êîãåðåíòíîé îáðàáîòêè ïðèíÿòûõ ñèãíàëîâ.

4.7.42. Ìåòîä ñèíòåçèðîâàííîé ôîêóñèðîâàííîé àïåðòóðû, ìåòîä SAFT (Synthetic aperture focusing technique, SAFT) - ýõî-ìåòîä, îñíîâàííûé íà ñîçäàíèè ñôîêóñèðîâàííîãî àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïîëÿ â çàäàííûõ îáëàñòÿõ îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ ïóòåì ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ åãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì ñ øèðîêîé äèàãðàììîé íàïðàâëåííîñòè è êîãåðåíòíîé îáðàáîòêè ïðèíÿòûõ ñèãíàëîâ.

4.7.43. Ìíîãî÷àñòîòíàÿ êîìïüþòåðíàÿ àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ ãîëîãðàôèÿ (SAFT FFT) - ýõî-ìåòîä, îñíîâàííûé íà ïîëó÷åíèè ãîëîãðàôè÷åñêîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ äåôåêòîâ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìåòîäà ñèíòåçèðîâàííîé ôîêóñèðîâàííîé àïåðòóðû è áûñòðîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ Ôóðüå.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ðàñøèôðîâêà ñîêðàùåíèé àíãëèéñêèõ òåðìèíîâ äàíà â ïï. 4.7.42 è 4.8.23.

4.7.44. Óëüòðàçâóêîâàÿ òîìîãðàôèÿ (Ultrasonic tomography) - ïîëó÷åíèå äâóìåðíûõ èçîáðàæåíèé ñå÷åíèé îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìåòîäà ïðîõîæäåíèÿ èëè ýõî-ìåòîäà. Îáû÷íî ïðèìåíÿþò ïðîçâó÷èâàíèå ïîä ðàçëè÷íûìè ðàêóðñàìè è êîìïüþòåðíóþ ðåêîíñòðóêöèþ èçîáðàæåíèé.

4.7.45. Àêóñòèêî-òîïîãðàôè÷åñêèé ìåòîä (Acousic-topographic method) - ìåòîä, îñíîâàííûé íà âîçáóæäåíèè â êîíòðîëèðóåìîì îáúåêòå ìîùíûõ óïðóãèõ êîëåáàíèé ìåíÿþùåéñÿ ÷àñòîòû è ðåãèñòðàöèè äåôåêòîâ ïî èçìåíåíèþ àìïëèòóä êîëåáàíèé íàä íèìè. Îñíîâíîå ïðèìåíåíèå - äåôåêòîñêîïèÿ ìíîãîñëîéíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé.

4.7.46. Òåðìîàêóñòè÷åñêèé ìåòîä, óëüòðàçâóêîâàÿ ëîêàëüíàÿ òåðìîãðàôèÿ (Ultrasound lock-in-thermography) - ìåòîä íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ, îñíîâàííûé íà âîçáóæäåíèè â îáúåêòå êîíòðîëÿ ìîùíûõ íèçêî÷àñòîòíûõ (ïîðÿäêà 20 êÃö) óïðóãèõ êîëåáàíèé. Çîíû äåôåêòîâ óñèëèâàþò ïåðåõîä óïðóãèõ êîëåáàíèé â òåïëî, ÷òî ðåãèñòðèðóþò òåïëîâèçîðîì.

4.7.47. Ôîòîàêóñòè÷åñêàÿ ìèêðîñêîïèÿ (Photoacoustic imagery, photoacoustic microscopy) - ìåòîä íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ, èñïîëüçóþùèé òåðìîóïðóãèé ýôôåêò. Àêóñòè÷åñêèå êîëåáàíèÿ â îáúåêòå êîíòðîëÿ âîçáóæäàþò ìîäóëèðîâàííûì ñâåòîâûì ïîòîêîì (íàïðèìåð, èìïóëüñíûì ëàçåðîì), ïðèíèìàþò ïüåçîýëåìåíòîì èëè èíûì ñïîñîáîì. Îáëàñòü èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ - êîíòðîëü ýëåìåíòîâ ýëåêòðîííîé òåõíèêè, íåáîëüøèõ äåòàëåé.

4.7.48. Íåëèíåéíûé àêóñòè÷åñêèé ìåòîä (Non-linear acoustic method) - ìåòîä, èñïîëüçóþùèé âëèÿíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ ìàòåðèàëà îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ íà ñòåïåíü åãî ëèíåéíîñòè êàê ñðåäû ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ óïðóãèõ âîëí. Ñíèæåíèå ïðî÷íîñòè ìàòåðèàëà è íàðóøåíèå åãî îäíîðîäíîñòè óâåëè÷èâàþò íåëèíåéíîñòü ñðåäû. Ñòåïåíü íåëèíåéíîñòè îöåíèâàþò ïî óìåíüøåíèþ ñêîðîñòè çâóêà è ðîñòó ñîäåðæàíèÿ âûñøèõ ãàðìîíèê â ïðîøåäøåì ÷åðåç ìàòåðèàë ñèãíàëå ïðè óâåëè÷åíèè àìïëèòóäû âîëíû. Îäíà èç îáëàñòåé ïðèìåíåíèÿ - êîíòðîëü ïðî÷íîñòè áåòîíà.

4.7.49. Àêóñòèêî-ýìèññèîííûé ìåòîä (Acoustic emission method) - ìåòîä äèàãíîñòèêè, íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ, èñïûòàíèé, îñíîâàííûé íà àíàëèçå ïàðàìåòðîâ óïðóãèõ âîëí àêóñòè÷åñêîé ýìèññèè [27]*.

4.7.50. Âèáðàöèîííî-äèàãíîñòè÷åñêèé ìåòîä (Vibration diagnostics method) - ïàññèâíûé àêóñòè÷åñêèé ìåòîä, îñíîâàííûé íà àíàëèçå ïàðàìåòðîâ ñïåêòðà âèáðàöèè, âîçíèêàþùåé ïðè ðàáîòå êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî ìåõàíèçìà.

4.7.51. Øóìîäèàãíîñòè÷åñêèé ìåòîä (Noise diagnostics method) - ïàññèâíûé àêóñòè÷åñêèé ìåòîä, îñíîâàííûé íà àíàëèçå ïàðàìåòðîâ àêóñòè÷åñêèõ øóìîâ, âîçíèêàþùèõ ïðè ðàáîòå êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî ìåõàíèçìà.

4.8. Ñèãíàëû è îáðàáîòêà èíôîðìàöèè

4.8.1. Ñèãíàë (Signal) - ìàòåðèàëüíîå âîïëîùåíèå ñîîáùåíèÿ, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùåå ñîáîé èçìåíåíèå íåêîòîðîé ôèçè÷åñêîé âåëè÷èíû [1].

4.8.2. Èìïóëüñ (Pulse):

1.  øèðîêîì ñìûñëå: ñèãíàë, îãðàíè÷åííûé âðåìåííûì èíòåðâàëîì.

 óçêîì ñìûñëå: íåñòàöèîíàðíûé îäèíî÷íûé èëè ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ïîâòîðÿþùèéñÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèé èëè àêóñòè÷åñêèé ñèãíàë, îòäåëåííûé ïàóçàìè îò îñòàëüíûõ ñèãíàëîâ.

2. Ýëåêòðè÷åñêèé èëè óëüòðàçâóêîâîé ñèãíàë ìàëîé äëèòåëüíîñòè [10].

4.8.3. Âèäåîèìïóëüñ (Video pulse) - ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî îäíîïîëÿðíûé èìïóëüñ áåç âûñîêî÷àñòîòíîãî çàïîëíåíèÿ.

4.8.4. Ðàäèîèìïóëüñ (Radio-frequency pulse) - äâóõïîëÿðíûé èìïóëüñ ñ âûñîêî÷àñòîòíûì çàïîëíåíèåì.

4.8.5. Àìïëèòóäà èìïóëüñà (Pulse amplitude) - íàèáîëüøåå ïî àáñîëþòíîé âåëè÷èíå îòêëîíåíèå êîëåáàòåëüíîé âåëè÷èíû çà âðåìÿ äåéñòâèÿ èìïóëüñà.

4.8.6. Äëèòåëüíîñòü èìïóëüñà (Pulse length, pulse duration):

1. Ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè ìåæäó íà÷àëîì è êîíöîì èìïóëüñà, èçìåðåííûé ïðè îïðåäåëåííûõ óðîâíÿõ îòíîñèòåëüíî àìïëèòóäû èìïóëüñà (íàïðèìåð, íà óðîâíå 0,1 îò àìïëèòóäû).

2. Èíòåðâàë âðåìåíè ìåæäó ïåðåäíåé è çàäíåé ãðàíèöàìè èìïóëüñà, èçìåðåííûé íà îïðåäåëåííîì óðîâíå îò ìàêñèìàëüíîé àìïëèòóäû èìïóëüñà [10].

4.8.7. Ôîðìà èìïóëüñà (Pulse shape):

1. Ôîðìà çàâèñèìîñòè êîëåáàòåëüíîé âåëè÷èíû îò âðåìåíè.

2. Ôîðìà èìïóëüñà â êîîðäèíàòàõ àìïëèòóäà-âðåìÿ [10].

4.8.8. Îãèáàþùàÿ èìïóëüñà (Pulse envelope) - êîíòóð, îãèáàþùèé èìïóëüñ â êîîðäèíàòàõ àìïëèòóäà-âðåìÿ [10].

4.8.9. Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííàÿ ïðîòÿæåííîñòü èìïóëüñà, äëèíà èìïóëüñà (Pulse spatial length) - ïóòü, ïðîéäåííûé àêóñòè÷åñêèì èìïóëüñîì â ñðåäå çà âðåìÿ, ðàâíîå åãî äëèòåëüíîñòè.

4.8.10. ×àñòîòà ñëåäîâàíèÿ èìïóëüñîâ (Pulse repetition frequency, pulse repetition rate):

1. ×èñëî ïîâòîðåíèé èìïóëüñîâ â åäèíèöó âðåìåíè (îáû÷íî â ñåêóíäó). Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ Ãö.

2. ×èñëî èìïóëüñîâ, ãåíåðèðóåìûõ â åäèíèöó âðåìåíè [10].

4.8.11. Äåòåêòèðîâàííûé ñèãíàë (èìïóëüñ), âèäåîèìïóëüñ (Rectified signal):

1. Âûïðÿìëåííûé àìïëèòóäíûì äåòåêòîðîì ðàäèîèìïóëüñ, îáû÷íî èìåþùèé îäíîïîëÿðíóþ ôîðìó ñî ñãëàæåííûìè ïóëüñàöèÿìè.

2. Ðàçâåðòêà òèïà À äëÿ äåòåêòèðîâàííîãî ñèãíàëà [10].

4.8.12. Íåäåòåêòèðîâàííûé èìïóëüñ, ðàäèîèìïóëüñ (R-F signal):

1. Äâóïîëÿðíûé èìïóëüñ, ñîäåðæàùèé íåñêîëüêî ïåðèîäîâ öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòîòû (÷àñòîòû çàïîëíåíèÿ).

2. Ðàçâåðòêà òèïà À äëÿ íåäåòåêòèðîâàííîãî ñèãíàëà [10].

4.8.13. Ïðÿìîóãîëüíûé èìïóëüñ (Rectangular pulse, square pulse) - âèäåîèìïóëüñ ïðÿìîóãîëüíîé ôîðìû èëè ðàäèîèìïóëüñ ñ ïðÿìîóãîëüíîé îãèáàþùåé.

4.8.14. Êîëîêîëîîáðàçíûé èìïóëüñ (Bell pulse) - âèäåîèìïóëüñ êîëîêîëîîáðàçíîé ôîðìû èëè ðàäèîèìïóëüñ ñ êîëîêîëîîáðàçíîé îãèáàþùåé.

4.8.15. Òðåóãîëüíûé èìïóëüñ (Triangular pulse) - âèäåîèìïóëüñ òðåóãîëüíîé (ïèëîîáðàçíîé) ôîðìû, øèðîêî ïðèìåíÿåìûé â ñèñòåìàõ âðåìåííîé ðàçâåðòêè óëüòðàçâóêîâûõ äåôåêòîñêîïîâ è îñöèëëîãðàôîâ.

4.8.16. ×àñòîòíûé ñïåêòð, ñïåêòð, ñïåêòðàëüíîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå ñèãíàëà (Frequency spectrum):

1. Ïðåäñòàâëåíèå ñèãíàëà â âèäå ñóììû êîíå÷íîãî èëè áåñêîíå÷íîãî ÷èñëà ãàðìîíè÷åñêèõ ôóíêöèé (ãàðìîíèê) ñ ðàçëè÷íûìè ÷àñòîòàìè, àìïëèòóäàìè è ôàçàìè.

2. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå àìïëèòóäû â ôóíêöèè ÷àñòîòû [10].

4.8.17. Ñïåêòð èìïóëüñà (Pulse spectrum) - ÷àñòîòíûé ñïåêòð èìïóëüñà.

4.8.18. Àìïëèòóäíûé ñïåêòð (Amplitude spectrum) - çàâèñèìîñòü àìïëèòóä ãàðìîíèê ñïåêòðà îò ÷àñòîòû.

4.8.19. Ôàçîâûé ñïåêòð (Phase spectrum) - çàâèñèìîñòü ôàç ãàðìîíèê ñïåêòðà îò ÷àñòîòû.

4.8.20. Ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Ôóðüå (âðåìåííîå) [Fourier transform (in time domain)] - ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå, ïåðåâîäÿùåå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå ñèãíàëà â âèäå ôóíêöèè âðåìåíè â ôóíêöèþ ÷àñòîòû.

4.8.21. Ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Ôóðüå (ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå) [Fourier transform (in space domain)] - ïðåäñòàâëåíèå êîëåáàòåëüíîé âåëè÷èíû öèëèíäðè÷åñêîé èëè ñôåðè÷åñêîé âîëíû â âèäå ñóïåðïîçèöèè ïëîñêèõ âîëí ñ ðàçëè÷íûìè àìïëèòóäàìè è êîìïëåêñíûìè (â îáùåì ñëó÷àå) çíà÷åíèÿìè âîëíîâûõ âåêòîðîâ. Îáû÷íî îïèñûâàåòñÿ ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûì èíòåãðàëîì Ôóðüå.

4.8.22. Îáðàòíîå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Ôóðüå (âðåìåííîå) (Inverse Fourier transform) - ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå, ïåðåâîäÿùåå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå ñèãíàëà â âèäå ôóíêöèè ÷àñòîòû â ôóíêöèþ âðåìåíè.

4.8.23. Áûñòðîå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Ôóðüå (ÁÏÔ) (Fast Fourier transform, FFT) - àëãîðèòì, èñïîëüçóåìûé â êîìïüþòåðàõ äëÿ ñîêðàùåíèÿ âðåìåíè âûïîëíåíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ Ôóðüå.

4.8.24. Çîíäèðóþùèé ñèãíàë, çîíäèðóþùèé èìïóëüñ (Emission pulse) - àêóñòè÷åñêèé ñèãíàë (èìïóëüñ), èçëó÷àåìûé ýëåêòðîàêóñòè÷åñêèì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì â íàïðàâëåíèè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ.

4.8.25. Ýõî-ñèãíàë (Echo signal) - àêóñòè÷åñêèé èìïóëüñ, îòðàæåííûé îò íåîäíîðîäíîñòè â ìàòåðèàëå èëè ãðàíèöû îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ.

4.8.26. Âûñîòà ñèãíàëà, àìïëèòóäà ñèãíàëà (Echo height, signal amplitude) - âûñîòà (àìïëèòóäà) ñèãíàëà íà ýêðàíå ïðèáîðà [10].

4.8.27. Äîííûé ñèãíàë (Back-wall echo, bottom echo):

1. Ýõîñèãíàë îò äîííîé ïîâåðõíîñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ [2].

2. Èìïóëüñ, îòðàæåííûé îò ïîâåðõíîñòè, ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíîé îñè àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïó÷êà. Åãî îáû÷íî èñïîëüçóþò â êà÷åñòâå ñèãíàëà îò ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè ïðè êîíòðîëå ïðÿìûì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì îáúåêòîâ ñ ïàðàëëåëüíûìè ïîâåðõíîñòÿìè [10].

4.8.28. Ñêâîçíîé ñèãíàë (Through signal) - àêóñòè÷åñêèé ñèãíàë, ïðîøåäøèé ÷åðåç îáúåêò êîíòðîëÿ îäèí èëè íåñêîëüêî ðàç.

4.8.29. Íà÷àëüíàÿ òî÷êà (Transmission point, zero point, front surfàñå reflection) - òî÷êà íà âðåìåííîé ðàçâåðòêå, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ ìîìåíòó âõîæäåíèÿ óëüòðàçâóêîâîé ýíåðãèè â îáúåêò êîíòðîëÿ [10].

4.8.30. Íà÷àëüíûé ñèãíàë (èìïóëüñ) (Transmission pulse indication, initial pulse):

1. Ñèãíàë, îáóñëîâëåííûé ïðîõîæäåíèåì ÷åðåç ïðèåìíèê âîçáóæäàþùåãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî èìïóëüñà è ñîâïàäàþùèé ñ íèì ïî âðåìåíè.

2. Èìïóëüñ íà ýêðàíå óëüòðàçâóêîâîãî ïðèáîðà ñ ðàçâåðòêîé òèïà À, óêàçûâàþùèé òî÷íîå âðåìÿ ïðèëîæåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêîé ýíåðãèè ê èçëó÷àþùåìó ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëþ [10].

4.8.31. Ìíîãîêðàòíûå ýõîñèãíàëû (Multiple echos) - ïîâòîðíûå îòðàæåíèÿ óëüòðàçâóêîâîãî èìïóëüñà ìåæäó äâóìÿ èëè áîëüøèì ÷èñëîì ãðàíèö ðàçäåëà èëè äåôåêòîâ.

4.8.32. Ëîæíûé ñèãíàë (Spurious echo, parasitic echo):

1. Ñèãíàë, ïîÿâèâøèéñÿ â âûäåëåííîì âðåìåííîì èíòåðâàëå, íå íåñóùèé èíôîðìàöèþ î íàëè÷èè èëè îòñóòñòâèè äåôåêòà.

2. Ñèãíàë, íå ñâÿçàííûé ñ äåôåêòîì [10].

4.8.33. Ïîìåõà (Noise) - ñèãíàë, çàòðóäíÿþùèé ðàáîòó ñ èíôîðìàòèâíûìè ñèãíàëàìè. Èñòî÷íèêàìè ïîìåõ ìîãóò áûòü ñòðóêòóðíàÿ íåîäíîðîäíîñòü ìàòåðèàëà, ñêà÷êè íàïðÿæåíèé ïèòàþùåé ñåòè, íåñîâåðøåíñòâî ýëåêòðîàêóñòè÷åñêèõ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé è ò.ï.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ïîìåõè â ýõî-ìåòîäå - ñèãíàëû, íå ñâÿçàííûå ñ çàäà÷àìè êîíòðîëÿ è ïîÿâëÿþùèåñÿ â çîíå ðàçâåðòêè â ìåñòàõ âîçìîæíîãî ïîÿâëåíèÿ èíôîðìàòèâíûõ ñèãíàëîâ, à òàêæå âîçäåéñòâèÿ ëþáîé ïðèðîäû (êðîìå òåïëîâûõ øóìîâ), èñêàæàþùèå èíôîðìàòèâíûå ñèãíàëû.

4.8.34. Øóì (Noise):

1. Òåïëîâûå øóìû ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, âõîäíîé öåïè è ýëåìåíòîâ óñèëèòåëÿ.

2. Áåñïîðÿäî÷íî ðàñïðåäåëåííûå ñèãíàëû íà ýêðàíå ïðèáîðà, îáóñëîâëåííûå îòðàæåíèÿìè îò ñòðóêòóðû ìàòåðèàëà èëè ýëåêòðè÷åñêèìè øóìàìè àïïàðàòóðû [10].

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  çàðóáåæíîé ëèòåðàòóðå íå äåëàþò ðàçëè÷èÿ ìåæäó øóìîì è ïîìåõîé, îáîçíà÷àÿ âñå îäíèì òåðìèíîì «noise».

4.8.35. Ñòðóêòóðíûå ïîìåõè (Structural noise) - ïîìåõè, îáóñëîâëåííûå îòðàæåíèÿìè óëüòðàçâóêîâûõ âîëí îò íåîäíîðîäíîñòåé ñòðóêòóðû ìàòåðèàëà îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ.

4.8.36. Ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ïîìåõè (Electrical noise) - ïîìåõè, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ïóëüñàöèÿìè íàïðÿæåíèÿ ïèòàþùåé ýëåêòðè÷åñêîé ñåòè, íàâîäêàìè îò áëèçêî ðàñïîëîæåííûõ ìîùíûõ ýëåêòðîäâèãàòåëåé è ñâàðî÷íûõ àïïàðàòîâ, ïàðàçèòíûìè ñâÿçÿìè ìåæäó ýëåìåíòàìè ñàìîé àïïàðàòóðû íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ è ò.ï.

4.8.37. Ïîìåõè â ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëå (Cross-talk):

1. Ïîìåõè, îáóñëîâëåííûå ñâîáîäíûìè êîëåáàíèÿìè ïüåçîýëåìåíòà, îòðàæåíèÿìè îò ãðàíåé ïðèçìû èëè ãðàíèö äåìïôåðà è íåäîñòàòî÷íîé èçîëÿöèåé ìåæäó ïüåçîýëåìåíòàìè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

2. Àêóñòè÷åñêèå èëè ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ïîìåõè â ðàçäåëüíî-ñîâìåùåííîì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëå, îáóñëîâëåííûå íåäîñòàòî÷íîé èçîëÿöèåé ìåæäó äâóìÿ åãî ïüåçîýëåìåíòàìè [10].

4.8.38. Òåïëîâîé øóì (Thermal noise) - ïîìåõè, îáóñëîâëåííûå òåïëîâûì äâèæåíèåì ýëåêòðîíîâ â ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëå, âõîäíîé öåïè è ïåðâûõ êàñêàäàõ óñèëèòåëÿ.

4.8.39. Ôðèêöèîííûå ïîìåõè (Frictional noise) - ïîìåõè, âîçíèêàþùèå ïðè ïåðåìåùåíèè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ïî øåðîõîâàòîé ïîâåðõíîñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ. Õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé ñ ñóõèì òî÷å÷íûì êîíòàêòîì, ïðèìåíÿåìûõ â íèçêî÷àñòîòíûõ àêóñòè÷åñêèõ äåôåêòîñêîïàõ.

4.8.40. Îòíîøåíèå ñèãíàë-ïîìåõà (Signal-to-noise ratio):

1. Îòíîøåíèå àìïëèòóäû èíôîðìàòèâíîãî ñèãíàëà ê ñðåäíåé àìïëèòóäå ïîìåõè.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  ýõî-ìåòîäå àìïëèòóäó ïîìåõè èçìåðÿþò â çîíå ðàçâåðòêè, ïðèìûêàþùåé ê ïåðåäíåìó ôðîíòó èìïóëüñà èíôîðìàòèâíîãî ñèãíàëà, ðàçìåðîì íå áîëåå äëèòåëüíîñòè èìïóëüñà.

2. Îòíîøåíèå àìïëèòóäû ñèãíàëà îò äåôåêòà â ìàòåðèàëå îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ ê ñðåäíåé àìïëèòóäå øóìà [10].

4.8.41. Àìïëèòóäíî-÷àñòîòíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà, À×Õ (Response characteristic) - çàâèñèìîñòü àìïëèòóäû âûõîäíîãî ñèãíàëà êàêîãî-ëèáî óñòðîéñòâà îò ÷àñòîòû âõîäíîãî ñèãíàëà ïîñòîÿííîé àìïëèòóäû. Îáû÷íî ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ â íîðìèðîâàííîì âèäå ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ìàêñèìóìó âûõîäíîãî ñèãíàëà.

4.8.42. ×àñòîòà ñðåçà, ãðàíè÷íàÿ ÷àñòîòà (Cut-off frequency, frequency limit):

1. ×àñòîòà, ïðè êîòîðîé àìïëèòóäà ñèãíàëà ñîñòàâëÿåò îïðåäåëåííóþ ÷àñòü îò ìàêñèìàëüíîé (íàïðèìåð, íà 3 äÁ ìåíüøå).

2. ×àñòîòà, ïðè êîòîðîé àìïëèòóäà ïåðåäàâàåìûõ êîëåáàíèé íà 3 äÁ ìåíüøå, ÷åì íà ÷àñòîòå ìàêñèìóìà [10].

4.8.43. Êîýôôèöèåíò ïåðåäà÷è (Transmission factor) - îòíîøåíèå êîìïëåêñíîé àìïëèòóäû ñèãíàëà íà âûõîäå ñèñòåìû (óñèëèòåëÿ, ôèëüòðà è ò.ï.) ê êîìïëåêñíîé àìïëèòóäå ñèãíàëà íà åå âõîäå. ×àñòî èñïîëüçóþò ìîäóëü êîýôôèöèåíòà ïåðåäà÷è, ÿâëÿþùèéñÿ äåéñòâèòåëüíîé âåëè÷èíîé.

4.8.44. Ïîëîñà ïðîïóñêàíèÿ (Bandwidth):

1. Èíòåðâàë ÷àñòîò, çàêëþ÷åííûé ìåæäó äâóìÿ ÷àñòîòàìè ñðåçà, â ïðåäåëàõ êîòîðîãî ìîäóëü êîýôôèöèåíòà ïåðåäà÷è ñèñòåìû ñîñòàâëÿåò íå ìåíåå 0,707 îò ìàêñèìàëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. ×èñëî ïîëîñ ïðîïóñêàíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ìîæåò áûòü áîëüøå åäèíèöû.

2. Øèðèíà ÷àñòîòíîãî ñïåêòðà ñèãíàëà ìåæäó âåðõíåé è íèæíåé ÷àñòîòàìè ñðåçà [10].

4.8.45. Öåíòðàëüíàÿ ÷àñòîòà èìïóëüñà (Pulse center frequency) - ÷àñòîòà, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ ìàêñèìóìó àìïëèòóäíîãî ñïåêòðà èìïóëüñà.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Òåðìèí ïðèìåíèì äëÿ èìïóëüñîâ ñ «îäíîãîðáûì» ñïåêòðîì.

4.8.46. Ñèãíàë óçêîïîëîñíûé (Narrow banded signal) - ñèãíàë ñ óçêèì ñïåêòðîì.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ïîíÿòèÿ «óçêèé» è «øèðîêèé» îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ â êîíòåêñòå ðåøàåìûõ çàäà÷.

4.8.47. Ýëåìåíò óçêîïîëîñíûé (Narrow banded device) - ýëåìåíò ñèñòåìû (óñèëèòåëü, ïüåçîýëåìåíò, ôèëüòð è ò.ï.) ñ óçêîé àìïëèòóäíî-÷àñòîòíîé õàðàêòåðèñòèêîé.

4.8.48. Ñèãíàë øèðîêîïîëîñíûé (Broad banded signal) - ñèãíàë ñ øèðîêèì ñïåêòðîì.

4.8.49. Ýëåìåíò øèðîêîïîëîñíûé (Broad banded device) - ýëåìåíò ñèñòåìû (óñèëèòåëü, ïüåçîýëåìåíò, ôèëüòð è ò. ï.) ñ øèðîêîé àìïëèòóäíî-÷àñòîòíîé õàðàêòåðèñòèêîé.

4.8.50. Ôàçîìàíèïóëèðîâàííûé ñèãíàë (Phase-manipulated signal) - ñèãíàë â âèäå ñîñòûêîâàííûõ ìåæäó ñîáîé ïðÿìîóãîëüíûõ ðàäèîèìïóëüñîâ îäèíàêîâîé àìïëèòóäû è ÷àñòîòû, íà÷àëüíûå ôàçû êîòîðûõ ìîãóò ïðèíèìàòü äâà çíà÷åíèÿ: 0 è 180°.

4.8.51. Ëèíåéíî-÷àñòîòíî-ìîäóëèðîâàííûé ñèãíàë, Ë×Ì-ñèãíàë (Linear frequency-modulated signal) - ñèãíàë, ÷àñòîòà êîòîðîãî èçìåíÿåòñÿ âî âðåìåíè ïî ëèíåéíîìó çàêîíó.

4.8.52. Êîä Áàðêåðà (Barker code) - àëãîðèòì ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ôàçîìàíèïóëèðîâàííîãî ñèãíàëà âîçáóæäåíèÿ èçëó÷àþùåãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, ïîçâîëÿþùèé ïðè ìèíèìàëüíîé äëèòåëüíîñòè èìïóëüñà óìåíüøèòü óðîâåíü áîêîâûõ ëåïåñòêîâ åãî äèàãðàììû íàïðàâëåííîñòè.

4.8.53. Îïòèìàëüíûé ôèëüòð (Optimal filter) - ôèëüòð, ïîëîñà ïðîïóñêàíèÿ êîòîðîãî âûáèðàåòñÿ ñ ó÷åòîì ñïåêòðà èíôîðìàòèâíîãî ñèãíàëà òàê, ÷òîáû ìèíèìèçèðîâàòü øóìû. Àìïëèòóäíî-÷àñòîòíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà îïòèìàëüíîãî ôèëüòðà ÿâëÿåòñÿ êîìïëåêñíî ñîïðÿæåííîé ñïåêòðó èíôîðìàòèâíîãî ñèãíàëà.

4.8.54. Àíàëîãîâàÿ îáðàáîòêà èíôîðìàöèè (Analog processing) - îáðàáîòêà èíôîðìàöèè áåç ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ åå â öèôðîâîé êîä.

4.8.55. Öèôðîâàÿ îáðàáîòêà èíôîðìàöèè (Digital processing) - îáðàáîòêà èíôîðìàöèè, ïðåîáðàçîâàííîé â öèôðîâîé êîä.

4.8.56. Êîãåðåíòíàÿ îáðàáîòêà èíôîðìàöèè (Coherent processing) - îáðàáîòêà èíôîðìàöèè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì àìïëèòóä, ôàç è âðåìåíè ïðèõîäà ïðèíÿòûõ ñèãíàëîâ.

4.8.57. Äâóõïàðàìåòðîâàÿ îáðàáîòêà èíôîðìàöèè (Two parametric signal processing) - îáðàáîòêà èíôîðìàöèè, îäíîâðåìåííî èñïîëüçóþùàÿ äâà èíôîðìàòèâíûõ ïàðàìåòðà, íàïðèìåð: àìïëèòóäó è ôàçó ñèãíàëà, àìïëèòóäó è âðåìÿ çàäåðæêè èìïóëüñà è ò.ï. Òàêàÿ îáðàáîòêà ïîâûøàåò ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü è (èëè) èíôîðìàòèâíîñòü êîíòðîëÿ.

4.9. Àïïàðàòóðà àêóñòè÷åñêîãî êîíòðîëÿ è åå ïàðàìåòðû

4.9.1. Îñíîâíûå òèïû àïïàðàòóðû

4.9.1.1. Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ àïïàðàòóðà (Acoustic test equipment) - àïïàðàòóðà, âêëþ÷àþùàÿ â ñåáÿ ýëåêòðîííûé áëîê, ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè, êàáåëè è äðóãèå óñòðîéñòâà, ïîäêëþ÷àåìûå ê ýëåêòðîííîìó áëîêó ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè àêóñòè÷åñêîãî êîíòðîëÿ. Àïïàðàòóðà äëÿ ìåõàíèçèðîâàííîãî èëè àâòîìàòèçèðîâàííîãî êîíòðîëÿ ñîäåðæèò òàêæå ñêàíèðóþùåå óñòðîéñòâî, ìèêðîïðîöåññîð èëè êîìïüþòåð, ðåãèñòðèðóþùåå óñòðîéñòâî è äðóãèå áëîêè, êîëè÷åñòâî êîòîðûõ çàâèñèò îò ïàðàìåòðîâ îáúåêòîâ êîíòðîëÿ è ñòåïåíè àâòîìàòèçàöèè êîíòðîëÿ.

4.9.1.2. Àêóñòè÷åñêèé äåôåêòîñêîï, äåôåêòîñêîï:

 øèðîêîì ñìûñëå (Acoustic flaw detector): àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ àïïàðàòóðà, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííàÿ äëÿ îáíàðóæåíèÿ äåôåêòîâ òèïà íåñïëîøíîñòåé, îñíîâàííàÿ íà ïðèìåíåíèè óïðóãèõ êîëåáàíèé è âîëí øèðîêîãî äèàïàçîíà ÷àñòîò îò 0 äî 1 ÃÃö.

 óçêîì ñìûñëå (Sonic flaw detector): àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ àïïàðàòóðà, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííàÿ äëÿ îáíàðóæåíèÿ äåôåêòîâ òèïà íåñïëîøíîñòåé, èñïîëüçóþùàÿ óïðóãèå êîëåáàíèÿ è âîëíû çâóêîâûõ (èíîãäà è íèçêèõ óëüòðàçâóêîâûõ) ÷àñòîò.

4.9.1.3. Óëüòðàçâóêîâîé äåôåêòîñêîï (Ultrasonic flaw detector) - àêóñòè÷åñêèé äåôåêòîñêîï, îñíîâàííûé íà ïðèìåíåíèè óëüòðàçâóêîâûõ êîëåáàíèé è âîëí.

4.9.1.4. Àêóñòè÷åñêèé òîëùèíîìåð (Acoustic thickness gauge) - àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ àïïàðàòóðà, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííàÿ äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ òîëùèíû è (èëè) êîíòðîëÿ åå îòêëîíåíèÿ îò óñòàíîâëåííîãî çíà÷åíèÿ [2].

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  ÑØÀ âìåñòî gauge ïèøóò gage.

4.9.1.5. Óëüòðàçâóêîâîé òîëùèíîìåð (Ultrasonic thickness gauge) - àêóñòè÷åñêèé òîëùèíîìåð, ðàáîòàþùèé â óëüòðàçâóêîâîì äèàïàçîíå ÷àñòîò.

4.9.1.6. Óëüòðàçâóêîâîé òâåðäîìåð (Ultrasonic hardness meter, UCI hardness meter) - àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ àïïàðàòóðà äëÿ îïåðàòèâíîãî èçìåðåíèÿ òâåðäîñòè, èñïîëüçóþùàÿ ìåòîä êîíòàêòíîãî èìïåäàíñà.

4.9.1.7. Àêóñòè÷åñêèé ñòðóêòóðîñêîï (Acoustic structure analyzer):

 øèðîêîì ñìûñëå: àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ àïïàðàòóðà, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííàÿ äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñâîéñòâ ìàòåðèàëà.

 óçêîì ñìûñëå: àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ àïïàðàòóðà, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííàÿ äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñòðóêòóðû ìàòåðèàëà.

4.9.1.8. Óëüòðàçâóêîâîé ñòðóêòóðîñêîï (Ultrasonic structure analyzer) - àêóñòè÷åñêèé ñòðóêòóðîñêîï, ðàáîòàþùèé â óëüòðàçâóêîâîì äèàïàçîíå ÷àñòîò.

4.9.1.9. Ýõî-äåôåêòîñêîï (Reflectoscope, pulse echo flaw detector) - äåôåêòîñêîï, èçëó÷àþùèé è ïðèíèìàþùèé óëüòðàçâóêîâûå èìïóëüñû. Ïðåäíàçíà÷åí â îñíîâíîì äëÿ êîíòðîëÿ ýõîìåòîäîì, íî ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ äëÿ ðàáîòû ìåòîäàìè ïðîõîæäåíèÿ è êîìáèíèðîâàííûìè ìåòîäàìè.

4.9.1.10. Òåíåâîé äåôåêòîñêîï (Through transmission flaw detector) - äåôåêòîñêîï, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ êîíòðîëÿ ìåòîäîì ïðîõîæäåíèÿ.

4.9.1.11. Èìïåäàíñíûé äåôåêòîñêîï (Mechanical impedance analysis flaw detector, MIA flaw detector) - äåôåêòîñêîï, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ êîíòðîëÿ àêóñòè÷åñêèì èìïåäàíñíûì ìåòîäîì.

4.9.1.12. Âåëîñèìåòðè÷åñêèé äåôåêòîñêîï (Velocimetric flaw detector) - äåôåêòîñêîï, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ êîíòðîëÿ âåëîñèìåòðè÷åñêèì ìåòîäîì.

4.9.1.13. ÌÑÊ-äåôåêòîñêîï - äåôåêòîñêîï, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ êîíòðîëÿ ìåòîäîì ñîáñòâåííûõ êîëåáàíèé.

4.9.1.14. MCeK-äåôåêòîñêîï - äåôåêòîñêîï, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ êîíòðîëÿ ìåòîäîì ñâîáîäíûõ êîëåáàíèé.

4.9.1.15. Ðåçîíàíñíûé òîëùèíîìåð (Resonance thickness gauge) - òîëùèíîìåð, èñïîëüçóþùèé óëüòðàçâóêîâîé ðåçîíàíñíûé ìåòîä (ëîêàëüíûé ìåòîä ñîáñòâåííûõ ÷àñòîò).

4.9.1.16. Àïïàðàòóðà îáùåãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ (General purpose test equipment) - àïïàðàòóðà (äåôåêòîñêîï, òîëùèíîìåð è ò.ï.), â äîêóìåíòàöèè íà êîòîðóþ íå óñòàíîâëåí êîíêðåòíûé òèï îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ èëè ãðóïïû îáúåêòîâ êîíòðîëÿ.

4.9.1.17. Àïïàðàòóðà ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííàÿ (Special purpose test equipment) - àïïàðàòóðà (äåôåêòîñêîï, òîëùèíîìåð è ò.ï.), â äîêóìåíòàöèè íà êîòîðóþ óñòàíîâëåí êîíêðåòíûé òèï îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ èëè ãðóïïû îáúåêòîâ êîíòðîëÿ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Òåðìèíû 4.9.1.16 è 4.9.1.17 îòíîñÿòñÿ êî âñåé àïïàðàòóðå íåðàçðóøàþùåãî êîíòðîëÿ.

4.9.2. Óçëû àêóñòè÷åñêîé àïïàðàòóðû

4.9.2.1. Ñêàíèðóþùåå óñòðîéñòâî (Scanning device) - ìåõàíè÷åñêîå óñòðîéñòâî äëÿ îòíîñèòåëüíîãî ïåðåìåùåíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé è îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ.

4.9.2.2. Àêóñòè÷åñêèé áëîê (Acoustic block) - óçåë àêóñòè÷åñêîé àïïàðàòóðû, ñîäåðæàùèé ýëåêòðîàêóñòè÷åñêèå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè (÷àñòî íåñêîëüêî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé ðàçíîãî òèïà) è ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ñèãíàëîâ â àêóñòè÷åñêèå (ïðè èçëó÷åíèè) è ïðèíÿòûõ àêóñòè÷åñêèõ ñèãíàëîâ â ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå (ïðè ïðèåìå).

4.9.2.3. Ýëåêòðîííûé áëîê (Electronic block) - ñîâîêóïíîñòü ýëåêòðîííûõ óçëîâ, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûõ äëÿ âîçáóæäåíèÿ ýëåêòðîàêóñòè÷åñêèõ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé, à òàêæå îáðàáîòêè ñèãíàëîâ, ïîñòóïàþùèõ èç àêóñòè÷åñêîãî áëîêà.

4.9.2.4. Ïðèåìíèê (Receiver) - ýëåêòðîííûé óçåë, ðàñïîëîæåííûé ìåæäó âûõîäîì ïðèåìíîãî ýëåêòðîàêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ è áëîêîì öèôðîâîé îáðàáîòêè ñèãíàëîâ èëè âõîäîì èíäèêàòîðà, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ óñèëåíèÿ ñèãíàëîâ, èñïîëüçóåìûõ â äðóãèõ óçëàõ àêóñòè÷åñêîé àïïàðàòóðû. Ìåæäó ïðèåìíèêîì è èíäèêàòîðîì ìîãóò áûòü ÀÖÏ è äðóãèå íå îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê ïðèåìíèêó óçëû.

4.9.2.5. Óñèëèòåëü (Amplifier) - óñòðîéñòâî â ýëåêòðîííîì áëîêå, óñèëèâàþùåå ñèãíàëû.

4.9.2.6. Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûé óñèëèòåëü, ïðåäóñèëèòåëü (Pre-amplifier) - óñèëèòåëü, ðàñïîëîæåííûé âáëèçè ïðèåìíîãî ýëåêòðîàêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (íàïðèìåð, ïüåçîýëåìåíòà) è ñëóæàùèé äëÿ óëó÷øåíèÿ ñîãëàñîâàíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ñ ýëåêòðîííûì áëîêîì è óâåëè÷åíèÿ îòíîøåíèÿ ñèãíàë-ïîìåõà. Ïðåäóñèëèòåëü îáû÷íî ñîåäèíåí êàáåëåì ñ îñíîâíûì óñèëèòåëåì.

4.9.2.7. Óñèëèòåëü ðàäèîèìïóëüñîâ (Radio-frequency amplifier, RF amplifier, HF amplifier) - óñèëèòåëü íåäåòåêòèðîâàííûõ ñèãíàëîâ (ðàäèîèìïóëüñîâ).

4.9.2.8. Óñèëèòåëü âèäåîèìïóëüñîâ (Amplifier of rectified pulses) - óñèëèòåëü äåòåêòèðîâàííûõ ñèãíàëîâ (âèäåîèìïóëüñîâ).

4.9.2.9. Ëîãàðèôìè÷åñêèé óñèëèòåëü (Logarithmic amplifier) - óñèëèòåëü, àìïëèòóäà âûõîäíîãî ñèãíàëà êîòîðîãî ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíà ëîãàðèôìó àìïëèòóäû âõîäíîãî ñèãíàëà. Ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ äëÿ óñèëåíèÿ ñèãíàëîâ ñ áîëüøèì äèíàìè÷åñêèì äèàïàçîíîì.

4.9.2.10. Äåòåêòîð (Detector) - ýëåêòðîííàÿ ñõåìà, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííàÿ äëÿ äåòåêòèðîâàíèÿ ñèãíàëîâ.

4.9.2.11. Îòñå÷êà øóìîâ (Reject, noise suppression; «grass cutting»)

1. Ýëåêòðîííàÿ ñõåìà, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííàÿ äëÿ óñòðàíåíèÿ ñèãíàëîâ ñ àìïëèòóäàìè ìåíåå îïðåäåëåííîãî óðîâíÿ (óðîâíÿ îòñå÷êè).

2. Óñòðàíåíèå øóìîâ («òðàâû») ïóòåì èñêëþ÷åíèÿ âñåõ ñèãíàëîâ ñ àìïëèòóäàìè ìåíåå óñòàíîâëåííîãî ïîðîãîâîãî óðîâíÿ [10].

4.9.2.12. Âîçáóäèòåëü èçëó÷àþùåãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Exciter of transmitting transducer) - óçåë ýëåêòðîííîãî áëîêà, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ âîçáóæäåíèÿ êîëåáàíèé èçëó÷àþùåãî ýëåêòðîàêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

4.9.2.13. Ãåíåðàòîð èìïóëüñîâ âîçáóæäåíèÿ (Pulse generator) - óçåë ýëåêòðîííîãî áëîêà, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ èìïóëüñíîãî âîçáóæäåíèÿ èçëó÷àþùåãî ýëåêòðîàêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

4.9.2.14. Ãåíåðàòîð ðàçâåðòêè (Sweep generator) - óçåë ýëåêòðîííîãî áëîêà, ôîðìèðóþùèé ñèãíàëû ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé èëè âåðòèêàëüêîé ðàçâåðòêè äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ íà äèñïëåå (ýêðàíå) èçîáðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ñèãíàëîâ (îáû÷íî èìïóëüñíûõ).

4.9.2.15. Ñòðîáèðóþùåå óñòðîéñòâî (Gate, time gate) - ýëåêòðîííîå óñòðîéñòâî, âûäåëÿþùåå âðåìåííîé èíòåðâàë äëÿ íàáëþäåíèÿ è îáðàáîòêè ïîïàäàþùèõ â íåãî ñèãíàëîâ [10].

4.9.2.16. Ãåíåðàòîð ñòðîáèðóþùèõ èìïóëüñîâ (Gate pulse generator) - ãåíåðàòîð ñòðîáèðóþùåãî óñòðîéñòâà, âûðàáàòûâàþùèé èìïóëüñû, îòïèðàþùèå óñèëèòåëü íà âðåìÿ îæèäàåìîãî ïîÿâëåíèÿ èíôîðìàòèâíûõ ñèãíàëîâ.

4.9.2.17. Àìïëèòóäíûé äèñêðèìèíàòîð (Amplitude discriminator) - ýëåêòðîííîå óñòðîéñòâî, âûäåëÿþùåå ñèãíàëû ñ àìïëèòóäîé áîëüøåé (èëè ìåíüøåé) îïðåäåëåííîãî óðîâíÿ.

4.9.2.18. Èíäèêàòîð, äèñïëåé, ýêðàí (Indicator, display) - óçåë ýëåêòðîííîãî áëîêà, ñëóæàùèé äëÿ âèçóàëüíîãî (ãðàôè÷åñêîãî è òåêñòîâîãî) ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ èíôîðìàòèâíûõ ñèãíàëîâ.

4.9.2.19. Ýëåêòðîííî-ëó÷åâàÿ òðóáêà, ÝËÒ (Cathode ray tube, CRT) - èíäèêàòîð â âèäå âàêóóìíîé òðóáêè, àíàëîãè÷íîé ïðèìåíÿåìîé â îñöèëëîãðàôàõ è äðóãèõ ïîäîáíûõ ïðèáîðàõ.  ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ÝËÒ îáû÷íî çàìåíÿþò ýëåêòðîëþìèíåñöåíòíûìè èëè æèäêîêðèñòàëëè÷åñêèìè èíäèêàòîðàìè.

4.9.2.20. Æèäêîêðèñòàëëè÷åñêèé èíäèêàòîð (Liquid crystal indicator, liquid crystal display, LCD) - èíäèêàòîð, îñíîâàííûé íà èñïîëüçîâàíèè æèäêèõ êðèñòàëëîâ. Îáû÷íî ðàáîòàåò â îòðàæåííîì ñâåòå. Ñ ïîäñâåòêîé ïðèìåíèì è â òåìíûõ ïîìåùåíèÿõ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ðàçëè÷àþò öèôðîâûå èíäèêàòîðû, ñëóæàùèå äëÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ ðåçóëüòàòîâ èçìåðåíèÿ (íàïðèìåð, òîëùèíû) â öèôðîâîé ôîðìå, è èíäèêàòîðû òèïà äèñïëååâ, ïîçâîëÿþùèå íàáëþäàòü ãðàôè÷åñêèå èçîáðàæåíèÿ è èíôîðìàöèþ â áóêâåííîé è öèôðîâîé ôîðìå.  ñîâðåìåííûõ ïðèáîðàõ çàìåíÿåò ýëåêòðîííî-ëó÷åâûå èíäèêàòîðû.

4.9.2.21. Ýëåêòðîëþìèíåñöåíòíûé èíäèêàòîð (Electro-luminescent indicator, ELD) - èíäèêàòîð, îñíîâàííûé íà èñïîëüçîâàíèè ÿâëåíèÿ ýëåêòðîëþìèíåñöåíöèè. Õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ÿðêèì ñâå÷åíèåì. Ðàáîòàåò êàê ïðè ñëàáîì, òàê è ïðè äíåâíîì îñâåùåíèè.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ñì. ïðèìå÷àíèå ê ï.10.2.20.

4.9.2.22. ÏÇÑ-êàìåðà (Charge coupled device camera, CCD-camera) - êàìåðà äëÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ èçîáðàæåíèé, îñíîâàííàÿ íà ïðèìåíåíèè ýëåìåíòîâ ñ çàðÿäîâîé ñâÿçüþ.

4.9.2.23. Ñòðåëî÷íûé èíäèêàòîð (Needle instrument) - èíäèêàòîð, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèé ðåçóëüòàòû èçìåðåíèé è (èëè) êîíòðîëÿ â âèäå îòêëîíåíèÿ ñòðåëêè.

4.9.2.24. Öèôðîâîé èíäèêàòîð (Digital indicator) - èíäèêàòîð, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèé ðåçóëüòàòû èçìåðåíèé è (èëè) êîíòðîëÿ â öèôðîâîé ôîðìå.

4.9.2.25. Ñèíõðîíèçàòîð (Sync generator) - óçåë ýëåêòðîííîãî áëîêà, çàäàþùèé ÷àñòîòó ñëåäîâàíèÿ èìïóëüñîâ âîçáóæäåíèÿ è ñîãëàñóþùèé ïî âðåìåíè ðàáîòó âñåõ äðóãèõ ýëåêòðîííûõ óçëîâ.

4.9.2.26. Àâòîìàòè÷åñêèé ñèãíàëèçàòîð äåôåêòîâ, ÀÑÄ (Monitor) - óçåë ýëåêòðîííîãî áëîêà, ñëóæàùèé äëÿ âûðàáîòêè ñèãíàëà (íàïðèìåð, çâóêîâîãî èëè ñâåòîâîãî) ïðè âûõîäå óðîâíÿ èíôîðìàòèâíîãî ñèãíàëà çà óñòàíîâëåííûå ïðåäåëû.

4.9.2.27. Àòòåíþàòîð èçìåðèòåëüíûé (Measuring attenuator) - óçåë óëüòðàçâóêîâîãî äåôåêòîñêîïà, ñëóæàùèé äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ îòíîøåíèÿ àìïëèòóä ñèãíàëîâ, âûðàæàåìîãî îáû÷íî â äåöèáåëàõ.

4.9.2.28. Ãëóáèíîìåð (Depth meter) - óçåë óëüòðàçâóêîâîãî ýõî-äåôåêòîñêîïà, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ ðàññòîÿíèÿ äî îòðàæàòåëÿ è åãî ïðîåêöèé.

4.9.2.29. Äåôåêòîîòìåò÷èê (Flaw marker) - óñòðîéñòâî, îòìå÷àþùåå ìåñòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ äåôåêòîâ íà ïîâåðõíîñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ.

4.9.2.30. Àíàëîãî-öèôðîâîé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, ÀÖÏ (Analog-to-digit converter, ADC) - ýëåêòðîííîå óñòðîéñòâî, ïðåîáðàçóþùåå àíàëîãîâûé ñèãíàë â äèñêðåòíûé öèôðîâîé êîä.

4.9.2.31. Öèôðîàíàëîãîâûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü, ÖÀÏ (Digit-to-analog converter, DAC) - ýëåêòðîííîå óñòðîéñòâî, ïðåîáðàçóþùåå äèñêðåòíûé öèôðîâîé êîä â àíàëîãîâûé ñèãíàë.

4.9.2.32. Ôèëüòð (Filter) - ýëåêòðîííûé óçåë, ïðîïóñêàþùèé ñèãíàëû â îïðåäåëåííîé ïîëîñå ÷àñòîò è çàäåðæèâàþùèé îñòàëüíûå ñèãíàëû.

4.9.2.33. Ôèëüòð íèæíèõ ÷àñòîò (Low frequency filter, low-pass filter) - ôèëüòð, ïðîïóñêàþùèé ñèãíàëû ñ ÷àñòîòàìè íèæå ãðàíè÷íîé ÷àñòîòû è çàäåðæèâàþùèé îñòàëüíûå ñèãíàëû.

4.9.2.34. Ôèëüòð âåðõíèõ ÷àñòîò (High frequency filter, high-pass filter) - ôèëüòð, ïðîïóñêàþùèé ñèãíàëû ñ ÷àñòîòàìè âûøå ãðàíè÷íîé ÷àñòîòû è çàäåðæèâàþùèé îñòàëüíûå ñèãíàëû.

4.9.2.35. Ïîëîñîâîé ôèëüòð (Band-pass filter, band filter) - ôèëüòð, ïðîïóñêàþùèé ñèãíàëû ñ ÷àñòîòàìè, ëåæàùèìè â ïðåäåëàõ ìåæäó íèæíåé è âåðõíåé ãðàíè÷íûìè ÷àñòîòàìè, è çàäåðæèâàþùèé îñòàëüíûå ñèãíàëû.

4.9.2.36. Ñïåêòðîàíàëèçàòîð, àíàëèçàòîð ñïåêòðà (Spectrum analyzer) - ýëåêòðîííîå óñòðîéñòâî, ñëóæàùåå äëÿ àíàëèçà ñïåêòðà èññëåäóåìîãî ñèãíàëà.

4.9.2.37. Ðàçúåì (Connector) - êîíñòðóêòèâíûé ýëåìåíò, ñîñòîÿùèé èç ñîåäèíÿåìûõ ÷àñòåé, ñëóæàùèé äëÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ êàáåëÿ ñ ýëåêòðîííûì áëîêîì, ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì èëè ýëåêòðîííûõ áëîêîâ ìåæäó ñîáîé.

4.9.2.38. Êàáåëü (Cable) - ýêðàíèðîâàííûé ïðîâîäíèê, ñîåäèíÿþùèé ýëåêòðîííûé áëîê ñ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì èëè ýëåêòðîííûå áëîêè ìåæäó ñîáîé.

4.9.2.39. Îðãàíû óïðàâëåíèÿ (Controls) - ðó÷êè, ïåðåêëþ÷àòåëè, ïîòåíöèîìåòðû è äðóãèå îðãàíû, ñëóæàùèå äëÿ âêëþ÷åíèÿ è ðåãóëèðîâêè àïïàðàòóðû. Òåðìèí îòíîñèòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ê àíàëîãîâûì ïðèáîðàì.

4.9.2.40. Êëàâèàòóðà (Key-board) - íàáîð êíîïîê äëÿ óïðàâëåíèÿ ïàðàìåòðàìè êîìïüþòåðèçèðîâàííûõ ïðèáîðîâ è óñòàíîâîê.

4.9.2.41. Ïðîãðàììà êîìïüþòåðíàÿ (Software) - ïðîãðàììà, óïðàâëÿþùàÿ ðàáîòîé êîìïüþòåðèçèðîâàííîé ñèñòåìû êîíòðîëÿ.

4.9.2.42. Áëîê öèôðîâîé îáðàáîòêè ñèãíàëîâ (ÁÖÎ) (Signal processing block) - áëîê öèôðîâîé îáðàáîòêè ïàðàìåòðîâ ñèãíàëîâ, âûïîëíÿåìîé â êîìïüþòåðå èëè ìèêðîïðîöåññîðå ïî îïðåäåëåííîé ïðîãðàììå.

4.9.3. Ïàðàìåòðû óçëîâ àêóñòè÷åñêîé àïïàðàòóðû

4.9.3.1. Óñèëåíèå (Gain, amplification) - óâåëè÷åíèå àìïëèòóäû (ìîùíîñòè) ñèãíàëîâ.

4.9.3.2. Êîýôôèöèåíò óñèëåíèÿ (Amplification factor, gain) - îòíîøåíèå àìïëèòóäû óñèëåííîãî ñèãíàëà ê àìïëèòóäå óñèëèâàåìîãî ñèãíàëà. Èçìåðÿåòñÿ â ëèíåéíûõ åäèíèöàõ èëè â äåöèáåëàõ.

4.9.3.3. Ðåãóëèðîâêà óñèëåíèÿ (Gain control):

1. Èçìåíåíèå êîýôôèöèåíòà óñèëåíèÿ [ñòóïåí÷àòîå è (èëè) ïëàâíîå] îðãàíàìè óïðàâëåíèÿ êîíòðîëüíîé àêóñòè÷åñêîé àïïàðàòóðîé.

2. Ðåãóëèðîâêà â ýëåêòðîííîì áëîêå, ïîçâîëÿþùàÿ óñòàíàâëèâàòü òðåáóåìóþ àìïëèòóäó ñèãíàëà.  óëüòðàçâóêîâûõ ýõîäåôåêòîñêîïàõ îáû÷íî êàëèáðóåòñÿ â äåöèáåëàõ [10].

4.9.3.4. Ñòàíäàðòíûé óðîâåíü ñèãíàëà (Standard signal level) - âûáðàííûé óðîâåíü àìïëèòóäû ñèãíàëà, îáû÷íî ïðèíèìàåìûé ðàâíûì 1/2 èëè 2/3 îò âåðòèêàëüíîãî ðàçìåðà ýêðàíà.

4.9.3.5. ×óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü ïðèåìíèêà (Receiver sensitivity) - çíà÷åíèå àìïëèòóäû âõîäíîãî ñèãíàëà ïðèåìíèêà äåôåêòîñêîïà, îáåñïå÷èâàþùåå ïðè óñòàíîâëåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ àìïëèòóäó âûõîäíîãî ñèãíàëà íà èíäèêàòîðå äåôåêòîñêîïà, ðàâíóþ ñòàíäàðòíîìó óðîâíþ [8]. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ  (îáû÷íî ìÂ).

Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ: 1. Óñòàíîâëåííûå óñëîâèÿ âêëþ÷àþò â ñåáÿ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, óñòàíîâëåííûé êîýôôèöèåíò óñèëåíèÿ ïðèåìíèêà.

2. ×óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü íàõîäèòñÿ â îáðàòíîì îòíîøåíèè ê àìïëèòóäå âõîäíîãî ñèãíàëà ïðèåìíèêà äåôåêòîñêîïà: áîëüøåé ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ìåíüøåå çíà÷åíèå àìïëèòóäû âõîäíîãî ñèãíàëà è íàîáîðîò.

4.9.3.6. Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü ïðèåìíèêà (Maximum sensitivity of receiver) - ìèíèìàëüíàÿ àìïëèòóäà âõîäíîãî ñèãíàëà ïðèåìíèêà, äëÿ êîòîðîãî ìîæåò áûòü óñòàíîâëåí âûõîäíîé ñèãíàë íà ñòàíäàðòíîì óðîâíå ïðè ñðåäíåé àìïëèòóäå ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ øóìîâ íå áîëåå ïîëîâèíû ñòàíäàðòíîãî óðîâíÿ. Îáû÷íî îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ îòäåëüíî îò ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ  (îáû÷íî ìÂ).

4.9.3.7. Äèíàìè÷åñêèé äèàïàçîí (Dynamic range):

Áåç ðåãóëèðîâêè óñèëåíèÿ: Îòíîøåíèå àìïëèòóä ìàêñèìàëüíîãî è ìèíèìàëüíîãî ñèãíàëîâ (äÁ), êîòîðûå ìîæåò ïåðåäàâàòü àïïàðàòóðà áåç ÷ðåçìåðíûõ èñêàæåíèé ïðè ïîñòîÿííîì óñèëåíèè. Ïðè ýòîì ìèíèìàëüíûé ñèãíàë äîëæåí ïðåâûøàòü óðîâåíü øóìîâ â îïðåäåëåííîå ÷èñëî ðàç (íàïðèìåð, íà 6 äÁ).

Ñ ðåãóëèðîâêîé óñèëåíèÿ: Îòíîøåíèå àìïëèòóä ìàêñèìàëüíîãî è ìèíèìàëüíîãî ñèãíàëîâ (äÁ), êîòîðûå ìîæåò ïåðåäàâàòü àïïàðàòóðà áåç ÷ðåçìåðíûõ èñêàæåíèé ïðè èçìåíåíèè óñèëåíèÿ â ìàêñèìàëüíî âîçìîæíûõ ïðåäåëàõ. Ïðè ýòîì ìèíèìàëüíûé ñèãíàë äîëæåí ïðåâûøàòü óðîâåíü øóìîâ â îïðåäåëåííîå ÷èñëî ðàç (íàïðèìåð, íà 6 äÁ).

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ñïåöèàëüíûå ñïîñîáû îáðàáîòêè èíôîðìàöèè, íàïðèìåð èñïîëüçóþùèå ôàçîìàíèïóëèðîâàííûå ñèãíàëû â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ îïòèìàëüíîé ôèëüòðàöèåé, ïîçâîëÿþò ðàáîòàòü ñ ñèãíàëàìè, ëåæàùèìè íèæå óðîâíÿ øóìà.

4.9.3.8. Àìïëèòóäíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïðèåìíîãî òðàêòà (Receiver frequency characteristic) - çàâèñèìîñòü èçìåíåíèÿ àìïëèòóäû ñèãíàëà íà èíäèêàòîðå äåôåêòîñêîïà îò èçìåíåíèÿ àìïëèòóäû âõîäíîãî ñèãíàëà ïðèåìíèêà [8].

4.9.3.9. Äåöèáåë, äÁ (Decibel, dB) - ëîãàðèôìè÷åñêàÿ åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ îòíîøåíèé âåëè÷èí. Îòíîøåíèÿ àìïëèòóä À12 ïðåäñòàâëÿþò â äåöèáåëàõ â âèäå <À12>=20 lg (À12), îòíîøåíèå èíòåíñèâíîñòåé W1/W2-<W1/W2>=10 lg (W1/W2). Åñëè èçìåðÿåìîå îòíîøåíèå ìåíüøå åäèíèöû, ãîâîðÿò îá îòðèöàòåëüíûõ äåöèáåëàõ. Çíà÷åíèÿ B1 è Â2, âûðàæåííûå â äåöèáåëàõ îòíîñèòåëüíî íåêîòîðîé îïîðíîé âåëè÷èíû (íàïðèìåð, àìïëèòóäû äîííîãî ñèãíàëà), çàïèñûâàþò â ôîðìå <B1> è 2>.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. 1 äÁ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò èçìåíåíèþ (óâåëè÷åíèþ èëè îñëàáëåíèþ) àìïëèòóäû â 1,12 ðàçà, 3 äÁ - â 1,41 ðàçà, 6 äÁ - â 2 ðàçà, 20 äÁ - â 10 ðàç, 40 äÁ - â 100 ðàç, 60 äÁ - â 1000 ðàç, 120 äÁ - â 106ðàç.

4.9.3.10. Íåïåð (Neper) - åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ îòíîøåíèÿ âåëè÷èí B1 è Â2, âûðàæåííàÿ ÷åðåç íàòóðàëüíûé ëîãàðèôì èõ îòíîøåíèÿ. Îòíîøåíèÿ À1/A2 àìïëèòóä â íåïåðàõ ïðåäñòàâëÿþò â âèäå ln (A1/A2), îòíîøåíèÿ W1/W2 èíòåíñèâíîñòåé - 0,5 ln(W1/W2). 1Íï=8,686 äÁ.

4.9.3.11. Ðàçâåðòêà (Sweep) - îïðåäåëåííîå è ïîâòîðÿþùååñÿ ïåðåìåùåíèå èçîáðàæàþùåé òî÷êè ïî îäíîé èç êîîðäèíàò íà äèñïëåå. Äëÿ ðàçâåðòêè òèïà À â óëüòðàçâóêîâîì ýõîäåôåêòîñêîïå ýòî ïåðåìåùåíèå ïðÿìî ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî âðåìåíè îò íà÷àëà öèêëà.

4.9.3.12. Ëèíèÿ ðàçâåðòêè (Baseline) - ëèíèÿ íà äèñïëåå (íàïðèìåð, ýêðàíå ÝËÒ), ðàñïîëîæåíèå òî÷åê êîòîðîé íàõîäèòñÿ â îïðåäåëåííîé çàâèñèìîñòè îò âðåìåíè èëè èíîãî ïàðàìåòðà (íàïðèìåð, ÷àñòîòû, ôàçû è ò.ï.).  óëüòðàçâóêîâîì ýõîäåôåêòîñêîïå ñ ðàçâåðòêîé òèïà À ýòî ãîðèçîíòàëüíàÿ ïðÿìàÿ, òî÷êè êîòîðîé îòñòîÿò îò íà÷àëà ïðÿìîé íà ðàññòîÿíèå, ïðÿìî ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíîå âðåìåíè.

4.9.3.13. Çàäåðæàííàÿ ðàçâåðòêà, ëóïà âðåìåíè (Expended time-base sweep, scale expansion, delayed sweep):

1. Ðàçâåðòêà, çàïóñê êîòîðîé çàäåðæàí îòíîñèòåëüíî ïîñûëêè çîíäèðóþùåãî èìïóëüñà, à ñêîðîñòü óâåëè÷åíà, ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåò ðàññìîòðåòü ñëîé îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ â áîëåå êðóïíîì ìàñøòàáå.

2. Óâåëè÷åííàÿ ñêîðîñòü ðàçâåðòêè, ïîçâîëÿþùàÿ íàáëþäàòü áîëåå äåòàëüíî â óêðóïíåííîì ìàñøòàáå ýõîñèãíàëû â âûäåëåííûõ ïî òîëùèíå èëè äëèíå ÷àñòÿõ îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ [10].

4.9.3.14. Äèàïàçîí ðàçâåðòêè (Time base range) - ìàêñèìàëüíûé ïóòü óëüòðàçâóêîâîãî èìïóëüñà â îáúåêòå êîíòðîëÿ, êîòîðûé ìîæåò áûòü ïðåäñòàâëåí ïðè äàííîé äëèòåëüíîñòè ðàçâåðòêè.

4.9.3.15. Ðåãóëèðîâêà äëèíû ðàçâåðòêè (Time base adjustment) - ïðèâåäåíèå äëèòåëüíîñòè ðàçâåðòêè â ñîîòâåòñòâèå ñ äëèíîé ïóòè óëüòðàçâóêà.

4.9.3.16. Âðåìåííàÿ ðåãóëèðîâêà ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè, ÂÐ× [Swept gain, time corrected gain, time variable gain, distance amplitude correction curve (DAC)] - àâòîìàòè÷åñêàÿ ðåãóëèðîâêà ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè ïðèåìíèêà äåôåêòîñêîïà ïî âðåìåíè, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííàÿ äëÿ âûðàâíèâàíèÿ àìïëèòóä ýõîñèãíàëîâ îò îäèíàêîâûõ îòðàæàòåëåé, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ íà ðàçíûõ ãëóáèíàõ [8].

4.9.3.17. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ÂÐ× (Time variable gain characteristic, DAC characteristic) - çàâèñèìîñòü ïðèðàùåíèÿ óñèëåíèÿ ïðèåìíèêà äåôåêòîñêîïà îò âðåìåíè íà èíòåðâàëå äåéñòâèÿ ÂÐ×, âûðàæåííàÿ â äåöèáåëàõ [8].

4.9.3.18. Äèíàìè÷åñêèé äèàïàçîí ÂÐ× (Dynamic range of time variable gain):

1. Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ãëóáèíà ðåãóëèðîâêè óñèëåíèÿ ïðèåìíèêà ýõîäåôåêòîñêîïà, äîñòèãàåìàÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ ÂÐ×. Îáû÷íî èçìåðÿåòñÿ â äåöèáåëàõ.

2. Ìàêñèìàëüíîå ïðèðàùåíèå ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè ïðèåìíèêà äåôåêòîñêîïà íà õàðàêòåðèñòèêå ÂÐ× [8]. Îáû÷íî èçìåðÿåòñÿ â äåöèáåëàõ.

4.9.3.19. ×óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü óñèëèòåëÿ (Amplifier sensitivity) - ìèíèìàëüíàÿ àìïëèòóäà âõîäíîãî ñèãíàëà, ïðè êîòîðîé èñêàæåíèÿ àìïëèòóäíîé õàðàêòåðèñòèêè óñèëèòåëÿ âñëåäñòâèå ñîáñòâåííûõ øóìîâ íå ïðåâûøàþò çàäàííûõ çíà÷åíèé.

4.9.3.20. Àìïëèòóäà íàïðÿæåíèÿ (òîêà) âîçáóæäåíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ [Voltage (current) used for probe excitation] - àìïëèòóäà íàïðÿæåíèÿ (èëè òîêà), èñïîëüçóåìàÿ äëÿ âîçáóæäåíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ è èçìåðåííàÿ ïðè ïîäêëþ÷åííîì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëå.

4.9.3.21. Ïîðîã ñðàáàòûâàíèÿ ÀÑÄ (Gate level, monitor level) - ôèêñèðîâàííûé óðîâåíü, ñèãíàëû ñ àìïëèòóäîé âûøå èëè íèæå êîòîðîãî âûçûâàþò ñðàáàòûâàíèå ÀÑÄ.

4.9.3.22. Ãèñòåðåçèñ ÀÑÄ (Monitor hysteresis) - ðàçíîñòü çíà÷åíèé àìïëèòóä, ïðè êîòîðûõ ïðîèñõîäèò âêëþ÷åíèå è îòêëþ÷åíèå ÀÑÄ.

4.9.3.23. Áûñòðîäåéñòâèå ÀÑÄ (Monitor speed) - âðåìÿ, íåîáõîäèìîå äëÿ óñòîé÷èâîãî ñðàáàòûâàíèÿ ÀÑÄ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Äëÿ îòñòðîéêè îò øóìîâ èíîãäà ïðèìåíÿþò ÀÑÄ, ñðàáàòûâàþùèé òîëüêî ïðè ðåãóëÿðíîì ïîâòîðåíèè èíôîðìàòèâíûõ èìïóëüñîâ îò íåñêîëüêèõ öèêëîâ (ïåðèîäîâ ñëåäîâàíèÿ çîíäèðóþùèõ èìïóëüñîâ).  ýòîì ñëó÷àå áûñòðîäåéñòâèå îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ÷èñëîì ýòèõ ïåðèîäîâ.

4.10. Ïðåäñòàâëåíèå èíôîðìàöèè

4.10.1. Ðàçâåðòêà òèïà À, À-ñêàí (A-scan presentation, A-scan):

1. Ôîðìà ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ ñèãíàëîâ â ïðÿìîóãîëüíûõ êîîðäèíàòàõ íà äèñïëåå, ïðè êîòîðîé àìïëèòóäà èññëåäóåìîãî ñèãíàëà ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ îòêëîíåíèåì ïî îñè îðäèíàò, à âðåìÿ îò íà÷àëà öèêëà - îòêëîíåíèåì ïî îñè àáñöèññ.

2. Ïðåäñòàâëåíèå óëüòðàçâóêîâûõ ñèãíàëîâ, â êîòîðîì ïî îñè àáñöèññ (îñè X) îòêëàäûâàþò âðåìÿ, ïî îñè îðäèíàò (îñè Y) - àìïëèòóäó ñèãíàëà [10].

Ðèñ. 11. Ðàçâåðòêà òèïà À:

1 - ïðÿìîé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü; 2 - îñü âðåìåíè; 3 – íà÷àëüíûé èìïóëüñ; 4 - ýõîñèãíàë îò äåôåêòà; 5 - äîííûé ñèãíàë; 6 - îòðàæàòåëü (äåôåêò); 7 - îáúåêò êîíòðîëÿ

4.10.2. Ðàçâåðòêà òèïà Â, Â-ñêàí (B-scan presentation, B-scan):

1. Èçîáðàæåíèå èíôîðìàòèâíûõ ñèãíàëîâ â ïëîñêîñòè ñå÷åíèÿ îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ, ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè ââîäà è ïàðàëëåëüíîé ïëîñêîñòè ïàäåíèÿ âîëíû. Äëÿ îöåíêè àìïëèòóäû ýõîñèãíàëîâ ÷àñòî ñâÿçûâàþò ýòó àìïëèòóäó ñ ÿðêîñòüþ èëè öâåòîì èçîáðàæåíèÿ.

2. Ïðåäñòàâëåíèå ðåçóëüòàòîâ óëüòðàçâóêîâîãî êîíòðîëÿ â âèäå ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñå÷åíèÿ îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ, ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíîãî ïîâåðõíîñòè ââîäà è ïàðàëëåëüíîãî íàïðàâëåíèþ ïðîçâó÷èâàíèÿ. Ïîïåðå÷íîå ñå÷åíèå îáû÷íî ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé îáúåäèíåíèå À-ñêàíîâ [10].

4.10.3. Ðàçâåðòêà òèïà Ñ, Ñ-ñêàí (Ñ-scan presentation, C-scan):

1. Èçîáðàæåíèå èíôîðìàòèâíûõ ñèãíàëîâ â ïëîñêîñòè ñå÷åíèÿ îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ, ïàðàëëåëüíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ. Äëÿ îöåíêè àìïëèòóäû ýõîñèãíàëîâ ÷àñòî ñâÿçûâàþò ýòó àìïëèòóäó ñ ÿðêîñòüþ èëè öâåòîì èçîáðàæåíèÿ.

2. Ïðåäñòàâëåíèå ðåçóëüòàòîâ óëüòðàçâóêîâîãî êîíòðîëÿ â âèäå ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñå÷åíèÿ îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ, ïàðàëëåëüíîãî ïîâåðõíîñòè ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ [10].

Ðèñ. 12. Ðàçâåðòêè òèïà Â, Ñ, D, F.

 - ðàçâåðòêà òèïà Â; Ñ - ðàçâåðòêà òèïà Ñ; D - ðàçâåðòêà òèïà D; F - ðàçâåðòêà òèïà F; q - ïîïåðå÷íîå ïåðåìåùåíèå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ; l - ïðîäîëüíîå ïåðåìåùåíèå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ; õ - òîëùèíà ñòðîáèðóåìîé çîíû

4.10.4. Ðàçâåðòêà òèïà D, D-ñêàí (D-scan presentation) - èçîáðàæåíèå èíôîðìàòèâíûõ ñèãíàëîâ â ïëîñêîñòè ñå÷åíèÿ îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ, ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíîé êàê ê ïîâåðõíîñòè ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ, òàê è ê ïëîñêîñòè ïàäåíèÿ âîëíû. Îáû÷íî èçîáðàæåíèå D-ñêàí ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíî èçîáðàæåíèþ Â-ñêàí [10].

4.10.5. Ðàçâåðòêà òèïà Ð, Ð-ñêàí (P-scan presentation) - ïðîåêöèÿ íåñêîëüêèõ B-ñêàíîâ èëè Ñ-ñêàíîâ [10].

Ðèñ. 13. Ðàçâåðòêà òèïà Ð:

1 - âèä ñâåðõó; 2 - âèä ñïåðåäè; 3 - âèä ñáîêó; 4 - ýõîñèãíàëû

4.10.6. Ðàçâåðòêà òèïà F, F-ñêàí (F-scan presentation) - ìîäèôèêàöèÿ ðàçâåðòêè òèïà Ñ. Âìåñòî àìïëèòóä ñèãíàëîâ ïðåäñòàâëÿþòñÿ è ðåãèñòðèðóþòñÿ äðóãèå èõ ïàðàìåòðû, íàïðèìåð öåíòðàëüíûå ÷àñòîòû èìïóëüñîâ [10].

4.10.7. Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå, òðåõìåðíîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå (Volume scan presentation, 3D-presentation) - òðåõìåðíîå ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå èçîáðàæåíèå ïðîêîíòðîëèðîâàííîãî îáúåìà.  êàæäîé òî÷êå íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ ðåãèñòðèðóþò ïîëíûé íàáîð A-ñêàíîâ [10].

Ðèñ. 14. Îáúåìíîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå

4.10.8. Äåôåêòîãðàììà (Defectogram) - èçîáðàæåíèå ðåçóëüòàòîâ êîíòðîëÿ íà äèñïëåå èëè òâåðäîì íîñèòåëå, ïîçâîëÿþùåå ñóäèòü î íàëè÷èè, ðàñïîëîæåíèè, ðàçìåðàõ è äðóãèõ ïàðàìåòðàõ âûÿâëåííûõ äåôåêòîâ.

4.10.9. Ìåòêà íà ýêðàíå (Screen marker) - ýëåêòðîííàÿ ìåòêà, îáû÷íî â âèäå èìïóëüñà îïðåäåëåííîé ôîðìû, îòìå÷àþùàÿ îïðåäåëåííûé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè, âðåìåííîé èíòåðâàë ñòðîáèðîâàíèÿ èëè èíûå èñïîëüçóåìûå äëÿ êîíòðîëÿ äàííûå.

4.10.10. Òîìîãðàôè÷åñêîå èçîáðàæåíèå, òîìîãðàììà (Tomographic presentation) - èçîáðàæåíèå ñå÷åíèÿ îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ.

4.11. Òèïû íåñïëîøíîñòåé è îáðàçöû äëÿ êîíòðîëÿ

4.11.1. Äåôåêò (Imperfection, defect):

 øèðîêîì ñìûñëå: ëþáîå îòêëîíåíèå èçäåëèÿ îò óñòàíîâëåííûõ òåõíè÷åñêèõ òðåáîâàíèé.

 óçêîì ñìûñëå: íåñïëîøíîñòü.

4.11.2. Íåñïëîøíîñòü (Discontinuity) - íàðóøåíèå îäíîðîäíîñòè ìàòåðèàëà, âûçûâàþùåå ñêà÷êîîáðàçíîå èçìåíåíèå åãî àêóñòè÷åñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê - ïëîòíîñòè, ñêîðîñòè çâóêà, âîëíîâîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ. Ïðèìåðû íåñïëîøíîñòåé: òðåùèíû, øëàêîâûå âêëþ÷åíèÿ, íåïðîâàðû, ðàêîâèíû è ò.ï.

Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ: 1. Ê äåôåêòàì, íå ÿâëÿþùèìñÿ íåñïëîøíîñòÿìè, îòíîñÿòñÿ, íàïðèìåð, îòêëîíåíèÿ ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ ìàòåðèàëîâ îò äîïóñòèìûõ çíà÷åíèé (íàïðèìåð, ïîíèæåííàÿ ïðî÷íîñòü èëè òâåðäîñòü), èçìåíåíèå òîëùèíû.

2.  ïðèâîäèìûõ äàëåå îïðåäåëåíèÿõ èç èçâåñòíûõ ñòàíäàðòîâ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ òåðìèí «äåôåêò», ñëóæàùèé êîðíåì ïðîèçâîäíûõ îò íåãî òåðìèíîâ «äåôåêòîñêîïèÿ» è «äåôåêòîñêîï». Îäíàêî îñíîâíûìè òèïàìè äåôåêòîâ ÿâëÿþòñÿ èìåííî íåñïëîøíîñòè, ïîýòîìó â äàëüíåéøåì áóäåò èñïîëüçîâàí òåðìèí «íåñïëîøíîñòü». Ïðè öèòèðîâàíèè èñòî÷íèêîâ, â êîòîðûõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñëîâî «äåôåêò», ïîñëå íåãî â ñêîáêàõ áóäåò ïðèâåäåí òåðìèí «íåñïëîøíîñòü».

4.11.3. Îòðàæàòåëü (Reflector) - çîíà èçìåíåíèÿ îäíîðîäíîñòè ñðåäû, îòðàæàþùàÿ ïàäàþùèå íà íåå óïðóãèå âîëíû.

4.11.4. Èñêóññòâåííàÿ íåñïëîøíîñòü (Artifitial discontinuity) - íåñïëîøíîñòü èçâåñòíûõ ðàçìåðîâ, ôîðìû è ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ, âûïîëíåííàÿ â îáðàçöå è ñëóæàùàÿ äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ àêóñòè÷åñêèõ ñèãíàëîâ.

4.11.5. Èñêóññòâåííûé îòðàæàòåëü (Artifitial reflector):

1. Èñêóññòâåííàÿ íåñïëîøíîñòü, ñëóæàùàÿ äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ ýõî-ñèãíàëîâ â ìåòîäå îòðàæåíèÿ.

2. Îòðàæàòåëü èçâåñòíûõ ðàçìåðîâ, ôîðìû è ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ, âûïîëíåííûé â îáðàçöå è ñëóæàùèé äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ ýõîñèãíàëîâ.

4.11.6. Êîíòðîëüíûé îòðàæàòåëü (Reference reflector) - îòðàæàòåëü èçâåñòíûõ ðàçìåðîâ, ôîðìû è ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ, âûïîëíåííûé â ñòàíäàðòíîì îáðàçöå èëè ñòàíäàðòíîì îáðàçöå ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ è ñëóæàùèé äëÿ íàñòðîéêè èëè ïðîâåðêè àêóñòè÷åñêîé àïïàðàòóðû, à òàêæå äëÿ îöåíêè ïàðàìåòðîâ âûÿâëåííûõ äåôåêòîâ. Ïðèìåðû êîíòðîëüíûõ îòðàæàòåëåé:

áîêîâûå îòâåðñòèÿ;

ïëîñêîäîííûå îòâåðñòèÿ;

ïîëóñôåðè÷åñêèå äîííûå îòâåðñòèÿ;

íàäðåçû (ïàçû) [10].

4.11.7. Ìîäåëü äåôåêòà (flaw model) - íàðóøåíèå ñïëîøíîñòè (îäíîðîäíîñòè) ìàòåðèàëà èëè ñîåäèíåíèÿ, èìåþùåå ïðàâèëüíóþ ãåîìåòðè÷åñêóþ ôîðìó è çàìåíÿþùåå äåôåêò ïðè òåîðåòè÷åñêîì àíàëèçå.

4.11.8. Ïëîñêîäîííîå îòâåðñòèå (Flat bottom hole) - èñêóññòâåííûé îòðàæàòåëü â âèäå ïëîñêîãî äíà öèëèíäðè÷åñêîãî îòâåðñòèÿ, îðèåíòèðîâàííîãî ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíî îñè îòâåðñòèÿ.

4.11.9. Áîêîâîå öèëèíäðè÷åñêîå îòâåðñòèå (Side drilled hole) - èñêóññòâåííàÿ íåñïëîøíîñòü â âèäå öèëèíäðè÷åñêîé ïîâåðõíîñòè, îñü êîòîðîé ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíà íàïðàâëåíèþ ïàäàþùåãî àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïó÷êà [2].

4.11.10. Óãëîâîé îòðàæàòåëü (Angle reflector, corner reflector) - îòðàæàòåëü, îáðàçîâàííûé äâóìÿ (òðåìÿ) âçàèìíî ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíûìè ïîâåðõíîñòÿìè, ñîñòàâëÿþùèìè ïðÿìîé óãîë [10].

4.11.11. Çàðóáêà (Notch) - ïëîñêèé óãëîâîé îòðàæàòåëü, íàõîäÿùèéñÿ öåëèêîì â çîíå àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïó÷êà.

4.11.12. Ðèñêà, ïðÿìîóãîëüíûé ïàç (Notch) - ïëîñêèé óãëîâîé îòðàæàòåëü, âûñîòà êîòîðîãî íàõîäèòñÿ öåëèêîì â çîíå àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïó÷êà, à äëèíà âûõîäèò çà åãî êðàÿ.

4.11.13. Ñôåðè÷åñêèé îòðàæàòåëü (Spherical reflector) - èñêóññòâåííûé îòðàæàòåëü â âèäå ñôåðè÷åñêîé ïîâåðõíîñòè èëè åå ÷àñòè [2].

4.11.14. Öèëèíäðè÷åñêèé óãëîâîé îòðàæàòåëü (Cylindrical angle reflector) - óãëîâîé îòðàæàòåëü â âèäå ñêâîçíîãî öèëèíäðè÷åñêîãî îòâåðñòèÿ, îñü êîòîðîãî ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíà ïîâåðõíîñòè ñòàíäàðòíîãî îáðàçöà. Îòðàæàòåëü ðàñïîëîæåí òàê, ÷òî ëó÷è îòðàæàþòñÿ îò áîêîâîé ïîâåðõíîñòè öèëèíäðà è ïîâåðõíîñòè îáðàçöà.

4.11.15. Çàñâåðëîâêà - óãëîâîé îòðàæàòåëü â âèäå íåñêâîçíîãî öèëèíäðè÷åñêîãî îòâåðñòèÿ, îñü êîòîðîãî ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíà ïîâåðõíîñòè ñòàíäàðòíîãî îáðàçöà, à âûñîòà ìåíüøå øèðèíû àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïó÷êà (â äàëüíåé çîíå - øèðèíû îñíîâíîãî ëåïåñòêà äèàãðàììû íàïðàâëåííîñòè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ). Îòðàæàòåëü ðàñïîëîæåí òàê, ÷òî ëó÷è îòðàæàþòñÿ îò áîêîâîé ïîâåðõíîñòè öèëèíäðà è ïîâåðõíîñòè îáðàçöà.

4.11.16. Ñåãìåíòíûé îòðàæàòåëü (Segmental reflector) - èñêóññòâåííûé îòðàæàòåëü â âèäå ïëîñêîãî ñåãìåíòà, ïëîñêîñòü êîòîðîãî îðèåíòèðîâàíà ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíî íàïðàâëåíèþ ïàäàþùåãî àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïó÷êà [2].

4.11.17. Ñòàíäàðòíàÿ àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ íàãðóçêà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Standard acoustic load of probe) - ñòàíäàðòíûé îáðàçåö èëè ñïåöèàëüíîå óñòðîéñòâî ñ îïðåäåëåííûìè àêóñòè÷åñêèìè è ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèìè ïàðàìåòðàìè, èñïîëüçóåìîå äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèê íàãðóæåííîãî íà íåãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

4.11.18. Ñòàíäàðòíûé îáðàçåö, ÑÎ (Calibration block):

1. Óñòàíîâëåííûé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûìè èëè ìåæäóíàðîäíûìè ñòàíäàðòàìè îáðàçåö èç ìàòåðèàëà îïðåäåëåííîãî ñîñòàâà ñ çàäàííûìè øåðîõîâàòîñòüþ ïîâåðõíîñòè, òåðìîîáðàáîòêîé, ôîðìîé è ðàçìåðàìè, ñëóæàùèé äëÿ êàëèáðîâêè è îöåíêè ïàðàìåòðîâ àêóñòè÷åñêîé àïïàðàòóðû.

2. Îáðàçåö èç ìàòåðèàëà îïðåäåëåííîãî ñîñòàâà ñ çàäàííûìè ÷èñòîòîé îáðàáîòêè ïîâåðõíîñòè, òåðìîîáðàáîòêîé, ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîé ôîðìîé è ðàçìåðàìè, ñëóæàùèé äëÿ êàëèáðîâêè è îöåíêè ïàðàìåòðîâ àêóñòè÷åñêîé àïïàðàòóðû [10].

4.11.19. Ñòàíäàðòíûé îáðàçåö ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ, ÑÎÏ (Reference block):

1. Îáðàçåö ñ èñêóññòâåííûìè íåñïëîøíîñòÿìè èëè áåç íèõ, èñïîëüçóåìûé äëÿ íàñòðîéêè àïïàðàòóðû ïðè êîíòðîëå îáúåêòîâ îïðåäåëåííîãî òèïà è ïðåäóñìîòðåííûé âåäîìñòâåííûìè ìåòîäè÷åñêèìè äîêóìåíòàìè. ÑÎÏ èìååò áëèçêèå ïàðàìåòðû (ìàòåðèàëû, òîëùèíû, ÷èñòîòó îáðàáîòêè ïîâåðõíîñòè è ò.ï.) ê îáúåêòó êîíòðîëÿ.

2. Îáðàçåö ìàòåðèàëà, ñîäåðæàùèé ÷åòêî îïðåäåëåííûå îòðàæàòåëè, èñïîëüçóåìûé äëÿ ðåãóëèðîâêè óñèëåíèÿ àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïðèáîðà ïðè ñðàâíåíèè ñèãíàëîâ îò îáíàðóæåííûõ íåîäíîðîäíîñòåé ñ ñèãíàëàìè îò èçâåñòíûõ îòðàæàòåëåé [10].

4.12. Îñíîâíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè êîíòðîëÿ

4.12.7. Ñïîñîáû ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ

4.12.1.1. Ïîâåðõíîñòü ââîäà, ïîâåðõíîñòü ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ (Entry surface, test surface, scanning surface) - ïîâåðõíîñòü îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ, ÷åðåç êîòîðóþ ââîäÿòñÿ óïðóãèå êîëåáàíèÿ [2].

4.12.1.2. Äîííàÿ ïîâåðõíîñòü (Back surface, bottom surface) - ïîâåðõíîñòü, ïðîòèâîïîëîæíàÿ ïîâåðõíîñòè ââîäà [2].

4.12.1.3. Òî÷êà ââîäà (Beam index) - òî÷êà ïåðåñå÷åíèÿ àêóñòè÷åñêîé îñè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ñ ïîâåðõíîñòüþ ââîäà [10].

4.12.1.4. Ñêàíèðîâàíèå îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ (Scanning) - ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêîå îòíîñèòåëüíîå ïåðåìåùåíèå àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïó÷êà îòíîñèòåëüíî êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî ìàòåðèàëà [10].

4.12.1.5. Êîíòàêòíîå ñêàíèðîâàíèå (Contact testing technique) - ñêàíèðîâàíèå óëüòðàçâóêîâûì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì (ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿìè), èìåþùèì íåïîñðåäñòâåííûé êîíòàêò ñ îáúåêòîì êîíòðîëÿ ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì èëè áåç ïðèìåíåíèÿ êîíòàêòíîé ñìàçêè [10].

4.12.1.6. Ñêàíèðîâàíèå ïðÿìûì ëó÷îì (Direct scan, single traverse scan) - ñïîñîá, ïðè êîòîðîì ïó÷îê óëüòðàçâóêîâûõ âîëí èçëó÷àþò â çîíó êîíòðîëÿ áåç ïðîìåæóòî÷íîãî åãî îòðàæåíèÿ [10].

4.12.1.7. Ñêàíèðîâàíèå îòðàæåííûì ëó÷îì (Indirect scan) - èñïîëüçîâàíèå îòðàæåíèÿ îò ïîâåðõíîñòè (ïîâåðõíîñòåé) îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ äëÿ íàïðàâëåíèÿ óëüòðàçâóêîâîãî ïó÷êà â çîíó êîíòðîëÿ [10].

4.12.1.8. Êðóãîâîå ñêàíèðîâàíèå (Orbital scanning) - ñïîñîá ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ ïðè êîíòðîëå íàêëîííûì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ ñâåäåíèé î ôîðìå ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî âûÿâëåííîãî äåôåêòà. Ñêàíèðîâàíèå âûïîëíÿåòñÿ îáõîäîì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ âîêðóã äåôåêòà ñ íàïðàâëåíèåì àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïó÷êà íà äåôåêò [10].

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Îáõîä ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ìîæåò áûòü íåïîëíûì.

Ðèñ. 15. Êðóãîâîå ñêàíèðîâàíèå

4.12.1.9. Ñêàíèðîâàíèå ñ ðàçâîðîòîì (Swivel scanning) - ñïîñîá ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ ïðè êîíòðîëå íàêëîííûì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì, ñîïðîâîæäàþùèéñÿ ïîâîðîòàìè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ âîêðóã îñè, ïðîõîäÿùåé ÷åðåç åãî òî÷êó âûõîäà ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíî ïîâåðõíîñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ [10].

Ðèñ. 16. Ñêàíèðîâàíèå ñ ïîâîðîòîì

4.12.1.10. Ñïèðàëüíîå ñêàíèðîâàíèå (Spiral scanning) - ñêàíèðîâàíèå ïóòåì ëèíåéíîãî ïåðåìåùåíèÿ ñ îäíîâðåìåííûì âðàùåíèåì öèëèíäðè÷åñêîãî îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ (òðóáû) èëè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ [10].

4.12.1.11. Íàïðàâëåíèå ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ (Scanning direction) - íàïðàâëåíèå ïåðåìåùåíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (èëè òî÷êè ââîäà) ïî ïîâåðõíîñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ [10].

4.12.1.12. Ðó÷íîå ñêàíèðîâàíèå (Manual scanning) - ðó÷íîå ïåðåìåùåíèå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ïî ïîâåðõíîñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ [10].

4.12.1.13. Àâòîìàòè÷åñêîå ñêàíèðîâàíèå (Automatic scanning):

1. Àâòîìàòè÷åñêîå âçàèìíîå ïåðåìåùåíèå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ è îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ.

2. Àâòîìàòè÷åñêîå ïåðåìåùåíèå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ïî ïîâåðõíîñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ [10].

4.12.1.14. Øàã ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ (Scanning index) - ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè òðàåêòîðèÿìè ïåðåìåùåíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

4.12.1.15. Ñêîðîñòü ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ (Scanning speed) - ëèíåéíàÿ ñêîðîñòü ïåðåìåùåíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ.

4.12.1.16. Êîíòðîëü îäíèì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì (Single probe technique) - ñïîñîá, èñïîëüçóþùèé äëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ è ïðèåìà óïðóãèõ âîëí îäèí ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü [10].

4.12.1.17. Êîíòðîëü ðàçäåëüíûìè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿìè (Double probe technique, pitch and catch) - ñïîñîá óëüòðàçâóêîâîãî êîíòðîëÿ, èñïîëüçóþùèé äâà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, êàæäûé èç êîòîðûõ ìîæåò êàê èçëó÷àòü, òàê è ïðèíèìàòü óïðóãèå âîëíû [10].

4.12.1.18. Ñîåäèíåíèå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé ñïîñîáîì òàíäåì (Tandem probe connection) - ñîåäèíåíèå, ïðè êîòîðîì ðàçäåëüíûå èçëó÷àþùèé è ïðèåìíûé íàêëîííûå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ îäèí çà äðóãèì íà îïðåäåëåííîì ðàññòîÿíèè äðóã îò äðóãà.

4.12.1.19. Ñîåäèíåíèå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé ñïîñîáîì äóýò (Duet probe connection) - ñîåäèíåíèå, ïðè êîòîðîì èçëó÷àþùèé è ïðèåìíûé íàêëîííûå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ââîäà ðÿäîì, à èõ àêóñòè÷åñêèå îñè ïåðåñåêàþòñÿ â èññëåäóåìîé òî÷êå îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ.

4.12.1.20. Ïóòü â êîíòàêòíîé ñðåäå (Couplant path) - ðàññòîÿíèå â êîíòàêòíîé ñðåäå ìåæäó òî÷êîé âûõîäà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ è òî÷êîé ââîäà îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ [10].

4.12.1.21. Îðèåíòàöèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Probe orientation) ïîääåðæèâàåìûé ïðè êîíòðîëå óãîë ìåæäó çàäàííîé ïðÿìîé íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ è ïðîåêöèåé àêóñòè÷åñêîé îñè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ íà ýòó ïîâåðõíîñòü.

4.12.1.22. Òî÷êà ïðèåìà (Echo receiving point) - òî÷êà íà ïîâåðõíîñòè îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ, â êîòîðîé ìîæåò áûòü ïðèíÿò óëüòðàçâóêîâîé ñèãíàë [10].

4.12.1.23. Êîíòðîëèðóåìûé îáúåì (Examination volume):

1. Âåñü îáúåì îáúåêòà, ïðîâåðÿåìûé ïðè åãî êîíòðîëå, ñ ó÷åòîì èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ ìåòîäèê.

2. Îáúåì îáúåêòà, ïðîâåðÿåìûé ïðè åãî êîíòðîëå [10].

4.12.1.24. Çîíà êîíòðîëÿ (Examination area) - îáëàñòü îáúåêòà, êîíòðîëèðóåìàÿ ïî îïðåäåëåííåé ìåòîäèêå (íàïðèìåð, íàêëîííûì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåì, êîãäà äðóãèå ÷àñòè îáúåêòà ïðîâåðÿþò äðóãèìè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿìè èëè ïðè äðóãîé íàñòðîéêå äåôåêòîñêîïà).

4.12.2. Îáíàðóæåíèå íåñïëîøíîñòè è ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü êîíòðîëÿ

4.12.2.1. Îáíàðóæåíèå íåñïëîøíîñòè ýõîìåòîäîì (Discontinuity detection by echo method) - ïîÿâëåíèå íà ýêðàíå äåôåêòîñêîïà èìïóëüñà, óäîâëåòâîðÿþùåãî ñëåäóþùèì óñëîâèÿì:

1) èìïóëüñ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ýõîñèãíàëîì, äåéñòâèòåëüíî îòðàæåííûì îò íåñïëîøíîñòè;

2) ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè ðåãóëèðîâêàìè äåôåêòîñêîïà èìïóëüñ ìîæåò áûòü óñòàíîâëåí íà ñòàíäàðòíûé óðîâåíü;

3) èìïóëüñ íàáëþäàåòñÿ ðàçäåëüíî îò äðóãèõ èìïóëüñîâ è ïðåâûøàåò óðîâåíü ïîìåõ íå ìåíåå ÷åì íà 6 äÁ.

4.12.2.2. Îáíàðóæåíèå íåñïëîøíîñòè òåíåâûì (çåðêàëüíî-òåíåâûì) ìåòîäîì [Discontinuity detection by through transmission (mirror through transmission) method] - óìåíüøåíèå àìïëèòóäû ñêâîçíîãî èëè äîííîãî ñèãíàëà íà çàäàííóþ âåëè÷èíó ïðè óñëîâèè, ÷òî îíî ïðåâîñõîäèò óìåíüøåíèå àìïëèòóäû âñëåäñòâèå âîçìîæíûõ ìåøàþùèõ ôàêòîðîâ.

4.12.2.3. Îòðàæàòåëüíàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü íåñïëîøíîñòè (Reflectivity of discontinuity):

1. Ñïîñîáíîñòü íåñïëîøíîñòè îòðàæàòü ïàäàþùóþ íà íåå óïðóãóþ âîëíó, âûðàæåííàÿ â âèäå îòíîøåíèÿ àìïëèòóäû âîëíû, îòðàæåííîé â çàäàííîì íàïðàâëåíèè, ê àìïëèòóäå ïàäàþùåé âîëíû.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  ñëó÷àå êîãäà íåñïëîøíîñòü ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ïëîñêóþ áåñêîíå÷íóþ ãðàíèöó ðàçäåëà äâóõ ñðåä, îòðàæàòåëüíàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ñâîäèòñÿ ê êîýôôèöèåíòó îòðàæåíèÿ.

2. Îòíîøåíèå àìïëèòóäû ýõîñèãíàëà îò îöåíèâàåìîãî äåôåêòà (íåñïëîøíîñòè) ê àìïëèòóäå ýõîñèãíàëà îò ìîäåëè äåôåêòà â ñòàíäàðòíîì îáðàçöå [10].

4.12.2.4. Ïðîçðà÷íîñòü íåñïëîøíîñòè (Transparency of discontinuity) - ñïîñîáíîñòü óïðóãîé âîëíû ïðîõîäèòü ÷åðåç íåñïëîøíîñòü, âûðàæåííàÿ â âèäå îòíîøåíèÿ àìïëèòóäû âîëíû, ïðîøåäøåé ÷åðåç íåñïëîøíîñòü, èçìåðåííîé íà îïðåäåëåííîì ðàññòîÿíèè îò íåå, ê àìïëèòóäå âîëíû, èçìåðåííîé â òîé æå òî÷êå ïðè îòñóòñòâèè íåñïëîøíîñòè.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  ñëó÷àå êîãäà íåñïëîøíîñòü ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ïëîñêóþ áåñêîíå÷íóþ ãðàíèöó ðàçäåëà äâóõ ñðåä, ïðîçðà÷íîñòü ñâîäèòñÿ ê êîýôôèöèåíòó ïðîõîæäåíèÿ.

4.12.2.5. Õàðàêòåðèñòè÷åñêèé ðàçìåð èñêóññòâåííîé íåñïëîøíîñòè (Characteristic size of artificial discontinuity) - ðàçìåð, îäíîçíà÷íî îïðåäåëÿþùèé îòðàæàòåëüíóþ ñïîñîáíîñòü (äëÿ ìåòîäà îòðàæåíèÿ) èëè ïðîçðà÷íîñòü (äëÿ òåíåâîãî ìåòîäà) èñêóññòâåííîé íåñïëîøíîñòè ïðè äàííîì íàïðàâëåíèè ïàäàþùåé íà íåå âîëíû. Òàêèìè ðàçìåðàìè ìîãóò áûòü äèàìåòð ïëîñêîäîííîãî èëè áîêîâîãî îòâåðñòèÿ, äèàìåòð ñôåðè÷åñêîãî îòðàæàòåëÿ, ïëîùàäü îòðàæàþùåé ïîâåðõíîñòè çàðóáêè, âûñîòà ïàçà è ò.ï. Åäèíèöû èçìåðåíèÿ ìì, ìì2.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Äëÿ áåçãðàíè÷íîé îòðàæàþùåé ïîâåðõíîñòè çà õàðàêòåðèñòè÷åñêèé ðàçìåð ïðèíèìàåòñÿ ðàäèóñ êðèâèçíû ïîâåðõíîñòè (ïîëîæèòåëüíûé äëÿ âîãíóòîé è îòðèöàòåëüíûé äëÿ âûïóêëîé).

4.12.2.6. Ýêâèâàëåíòíûé ðàçìåð íåñïëîøíîñòè (Equivalent size of discontinuity) - õàðàêòåðèñòè÷åñêèé ðàçìåð èñêóññòâåííîé íåñïëîøíîñòè îïðåäåëåííîãî òèïà, ðàñïîëîæåííîé â îáðàçöå èç òîãî æå ìàòåðèàëà è íà òîì æå ðàññòîÿíèè îò èçëó÷àòåëÿ, ÷òî è äàííàÿ íåñïëîøíîñòü, è èìåþùåé ðàâíóþ ñ íåé îòðàæàòåëüíóþ ñïîñîáíîñòü (äëÿ ìåòîäà îòðàæåíèÿ) èëè ïðîçðà÷íîñòü (äëÿ òåíåâîãî ìåòîäà). Åäèíèöû èçìåðåíèÿ ìì, ìì2.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ýêâèâàëåíòíûé ðàçìåð íåñïëîøíîñòè çàäàåòñÿ ñ óêàçàíèåì òèïà ñîïîñòàâëÿåìîé ñ íåé èñêóññòâåííîé íåñïëîøíîñòè. Íàïðèìåð, «îáíàðóæåííàÿ íåñïëîøíîñòü ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ýêâèâàëåíòíîìó ïëîñêîäîííîìó îòðàæàòåëþ äèàìåòðîì 5 ìì» èëè «îáíàðóæåííàÿ íåñïëîøíîñòü ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ýêâèâàëåíòíîìó áîêîâîìó öèëèíäðè÷åñêîìó îòâåðñòèþ äèàìåòðîì 4 ìì».

4.12.2.7. Ýêâèâàëåíòíàÿ ïëîùàäü íåñïëîøíîñòè (Equivalent area of discontinuity) - ïëîùàäü òîðöåâîé ïîâåðõíîñòè ïëîñêîäîííîãî îòâåðñòèÿ, ðàñïîëîæåííîé â îáðàçöå èç ìàòåðèàëà êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî îáúåêòà íà òîì æå ðàññòîÿíèè îò ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, ÷òî è íåñïëîøíîñòü, è îðèåíòèðîâàííîé íà ïðèåì ìàêñèìàëüíîé àìïëèòóäû èíôîðìàòèâíîãî ñèãíàëà, ðàâíîé ñèãíàëó îò íåñïëîøíîñòè. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ìì2.

4.12.2.8. ×óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü êîíòðîëÿ, ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü (Testing sensitivity, sensitivity) - ñïîñîáíîñòü îáíàðóæèâàòü íà îïðåäåëåííîì ðàññòîÿíèè îò òî÷êè ââîäà íåñïëîøíîñòè ñ çàäàííûìè õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè â êîíêðåòíûõ óñëîâèÿõ êîíòðîëÿ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ïîä óñëîâèÿìè êîíòðîëÿ ïîíèìàþòñÿ âñå ôàêòîðû, âëèÿþùèå íà åãî ðåçóëüòàòû, - îò õàðàêòåðèñòèê îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ äî ïàðàìåòðîâ íàñòðîéêè äåôåêòîñêîïà.

4.12.2.9. Äèíàìè÷åñêèé äèàïàçîí äåôåêòîñêîïà (Absolute sensitivity of flaw detector, threshold of acoustic sensitivity) - îòíîøåíèå àìïëèòóä ìàêñèìàëüíî âîçìîæíîãî ê ìèíèìàëüíî âîçìîæíîìó ïðèíèìàåìûì àêóñòè÷åñêèì ñèãíàëàì. Äèíàìè÷åñêèé äèàïàçîí çàâèñèò îò òèïà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, ïîýòîìó åãî çíà÷åíèå îïðåäåëÿþò ñ îäíèì èç ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé, âõîäÿùèõ â êîìïëåêò äåôåêòîñêîïà. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ äÁ. Ó ñîâðåìåííûõ ýõîäåôåêòîñêîïîâ ýòà âåëè÷èíà îáû÷íî ëåæèò â ïðåäåëàõ 90-120 äÁ.

4.12.2.10. Ðåàëüíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü (Real sensitivity) - ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü, õàðàêòåðèçóåìàÿ ðàçìåðàìè (ïëîùàäüþ) îáíàðóæèâàåìûõ åñòåñòâåííûõ íåñïëîøíîñòåé. Îíà ìîæåò áûòü îïðåäåëåíà â ðåçóëüòàòå ñòàòèñòè÷åñêîé îáðàáîòêè ðåçóëüòàòîâ êîíòðîëÿ, ðàçðåçêè è ìåòàëëîãðàôè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé áîëüøîé ïàðòèè îäíîòèïíîé ïðîäóêöèè. Åäèíèöû èçìåðåíèÿ ìì, ìì2.

4.12.2.11. Ýêâèâàëåíòíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü (Equivalent sensitivity) - ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü, õàðàêòåðèçóåìàÿ ýêâèâàëåíòíûì ðàçìåðîì îáíàðóæèâàåìûõ íåñïëîøíîñòåé. Åäèíèöû èçìåðåíèÿ ìì, ìì2.

4.12.2.12. Ïðåäåëüíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü (Usable sensitivity) - ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü, õàðàêòåðèçóåìàÿ ìèíèìàëüíîé ýêâèâàëåíòíîé ïëîùàäüþ îáíàðóæèâàåìûõ íåñïëîøíîñòåé. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ìì2.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ïðåäåëüíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòíûì ñëó÷àåì ýêâèâàëåíòíîé ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè, êîãäà â êà÷åñòâå èñêóññòâåííîãî îòðàæàòåëÿ âûáðàí òîðåö ïëîñêîäîííîãî îòâåðñòèÿ.

4.12.2.13. Óñëîâíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü (Conventional sensitivity) - ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü ê èñêóññòâåííûì íåñïëîøíîñòÿì â ñòàíäàðòíûõ îáðàçöàõ, âûðàæàåìàÿ â âèäå ïàðàìåòðîâ îòðàæàòåëåé (ãëóáèíà çàëåãàíèÿ, ðàçìåðû) èëè ïîëîæåíèÿìè îðãàíîâ íàñòðîéêè äåôåêòîñêîïà (îáû÷íî ïîêàçàíèÿìè êàëèáðîâàííîãî àòòåíþàòîðà).

4.12.2.14. Óðîâåíü ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè (Sensitivity level) - çíà÷åíèå ýêâèâàëåíòíîãî ðàçìåðà íåñïëîøíîñòè, ïî êîòîðîìó íàñòðàèâàþò ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü.

4.12.2.15. Áðàêîâî÷íûé óðîâåíü ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè (Acceptance level of sensitivity) - óðîâåíü ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè, îòíîñèòåëüíî êîòîðîãî îöåíèâàþò îáíàðóæåííûå íåñïëîøíîñòè ïî øêàëå «ãîäåí - áðàê».

4.12.2.16. Óðîâåíü ôèêñàöèè, êîíòðîëüíûé óðîâåíü ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè (Reporting level, recording level):

1. Óðîâåíü ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè, ïðè ïåðåõîäå ÷åðåç êîòîðûé îáíàðóæåííàÿ íåñïëîøíîñòü ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ è àíàëèçèðóåòñÿ.

2. Àìïëèòóäà, ýõîñèãíàëû ñ àìïëèòóäàìè âûøå (èëè íèæå) êîòîðîé ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ èëè ðåãèñòðèðóþòñÿ [10].

4.12.2.17. Ïîèñêîâûé óðîâåíü ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè (Examination level of sensitivity) - óðîâåíü ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè, ïðåâûøàþùèé óðîâåíü ôèêñàöèè è ââîäèìûé äëÿ áîëåå íàäåæíîãî îáíàðóæåíèÿ íåñïëîøíîñòè. Ïî äîñòèæåíèè ýòîãî óðîâíÿ ñêàíèðîâàíèå ïî ðåãëàìåíòèðîâàííîé ñõåìå çàìåíÿåòñÿ ñêàíèðîâàíèåì äëÿ íàõîæäåíèÿ ìàêñèìàëüíîãî ñèãíàëà îò îáíàðóæåííîé íåñïëîøíîñòè.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ïîèñêîâûé óðîâåíü ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè îáû÷íî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïðè ðó÷íîì êîíòðîëå.

4.12.2.18. Îïîðíûé óðîâåíü (Reference level, reference echo) - àìïëèòóäà ýõîñèãíàëà îò óñòàíîâëåííîãî êîíòðîëüíîãî îòðàæàòåëÿ [10].

4.12.2.19. Ðàçðåøàþùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü, ðàçðåøåíèå (Resolution) - ìèíèìàëüíîå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó äâóìÿ îòðàæàòåëÿìè, íàáëþäàåìûìè ðàçäåëüíî ñ ïîìîùüþ àêóñòè÷åñêîé àïïàðàòóðû [10]. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ìì.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Îáû÷íî ñ÷èòàþò, ÷òî ïðè êîíòðîëå ýõîìåòîäîì äâà îòðàæàòåëÿ íàáëþäàþòñÿ íà ýêðàíå ðàçäåëüíî (òî åñòü ðàçðåøàþòñÿ), åñëè ãëóáèíà âïàäèíû ìåæäó ýõîñèãíàëàìè ñîñòàâëÿåò íå ìåíåå ïîëîâèíû àìïëèòóäû ìåíüøåãî èç íèõ.

4.12.2.20. Ëó÷åâàÿ ðàçðåøàþùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü (Beam resolution) - ðàçðåøàþùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü äëÿ äâóõ îäèíàêîâûõ îòðàæàòåëåé, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ íà îñè àêóñòè÷åñêîãî ïó÷êà èëè âáëèçè íåå. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ìì.

4.12.2.21. Ôðîíòàëüíàÿ ðàçðåøàþùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü (Front resolution) - ðàçðåøàþùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü äëÿ äâóõ îäèíàêîâûõ îòðàæàòåëåé, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ â ïëîñêîñòè, ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíîé àêóñòè÷åñêîé îñè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ìì.

4.12.2.22. Ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü êîíòðîëÿ (Testing productivity) - ïëîùàäü ïðîêîíòðîëèðîâàííîé ïîâåðõíîñòè èëè êîëè÷åñòâî îáúåêòîâ êîíòðîëÿ, ïðîâåðÿåìûõ â åäèíèöó âðåìåíè. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ì2/÷ èëè øò./÷.

4.12.2.23. Íåêîíòðîëèðóåìàÿ çîíà (Untested zone) - ÷àñòü îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ èëè ñòàíäàðòíîãî îáðàçöà, â ïðåäåëàõ êîòîðîé êîíòðîëèðóåìûé ïàðàìåòð íå ìîæåò áûòü îïðåäåëåí.

4.12.2.24. Ìåðòâàÿ çîíà (Dead zone) - ïðèëåãàþùàÿ ê ïîâåðõíîñòè ââîäà çîíà, â êîòîðîé ïîäëåæàùèå îáíàðóæåíèþ íåñïëîøíîñòè íå âûÿâëÿþòñÿ [10]. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ìì.

4.12.2.25. Ðàáî÷àÿ ÷àñòîòà, ÷àñòîòà êîíòðîëÿ (Test frequency) - ÷àñòîòà, èñïîëüçóåìàÿ äëÿ êîíòðîëÿ ìàòåðèàëà èëè äåòàëè [10]. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ êÃö, ÌÃö.

4.12.2.26. Îïòèìàëüíàÿ ÷àñòîòà (Optimum frequency) - ÷àñòîòà, íà êîòîðîé ïðè êîíòðîëå èçäåëèé îïðåäåëåííîãî òèïà äîñòèãàþòñÿ íàèëó÷øèå ðåçóëüòàòû (íàïðèìåð, ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü, íàèáîëüøåå îòíîøåíèå ñèãíàëà ê øóìó è ò.ï.). Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ êÃö, ÌÃö.

4.12.2.27. Çîíà èíäèêàöèè èíôîðìàòèâíîãî ïàðàìåòðà (Indication zone) - çîíà íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ââîäà èëè ïî ãëóáèíå îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ, â êîòîðîé âåëè÷èíà èíôîðìàòèâíîãî ïàðàìåòðà ñèãíàëà âûõîäèò çà óñòàíîâëåííûå ïðåäåëû (íàïðèìåð, ïðåâûøàåò óðîâåíü ôèêñàöèè).

4.12.2.28. Ãëóáèíà çàëåãàíèÿ íåñïëîøíîñòè (Depth of defect) - ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó òî÷êîé ïåðåñå÷åíèÿ àêóñòè÷åñêîé îñè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ñ íåñïëîøíîñòüþ è ïîâåðõíîñòüþ ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ìì.

4.12.2.29. Óñëîâíûå ðàçìåðû íåñïëîøíîñòè (Conventional size of defect) - ðàçìåðû çîíû èíäèêàöèè àìïëèòóäû ñèãíàëà îò íåñïëîøíîñòè. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ìì.

4.12.2.30. Óñëîâíàÿ ïðîòÿæåííîñòü íåñïëîøíîñòè (Conventional length of defect) - ìàêñèìàëüíûé ðàçìåð çîíû èíäèêàöèè àìïëèòóäû ñèãíàëà îò íåñïëîøíîñòè. Äëÿ íàêëîííîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ýòî íàïðàâëåíèå ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíî ïëîñêîñòè ïàäåíèÿ ëó÷à. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ìì.

4.12.2.31. Óñëîâíàÿ øèðèíà íåñïëîøíîñòè (Conventional width of defect) - ðàçìåð çîíû èíäèêàöèè àìïëèòóäû ñèãíàëà îò íåñïëîøíîñòè â íàïðàâëåíèè, ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíîì óñëîâíîé ïðîòÿæåííîñòè íåñïëîøíîñòè. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ìì.

4.12.2.32. Óñëîâíàÿ âûñîòà íåñïëîøíîñòè (Conventional height of defect) - ðàçìåð çîíû èíäèêàöèè àìïëèòóäû ñèãíàëà îò íåñïëîøíîñòè ïî ãëóáèíå åå çàëåãàíèÿ. Åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ìì.

4.12.2.33. Èíäèêàòðèñà ðàññåÿíèÿ (Scattering indicatrix of flaw) - óãëîâîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå (îáû÷íî íîðìèðîâàííîå) àìïëèòóäû îòðàæåííîé íåñïëîøíîñòüþ óëüòðàçâóêîâîé âîëíû, ïàäàþùåé íà íåñïëîøíîñòü ñ îïðåäåëåííîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ.

4.12.2.34. Äèàãðàììà àìïëèòóäà-ðàññòîÿíèå-äèàìåòð, ÀÐÄ-äèàãðàììà (Distance-gain-size diagram, DGS-diagram) - ãðàôè÷åñêîå èçîáðàæåíèå çàâèñèìîñòè àìïëèòóäû îòðàæåííîãî èëè ïðîøåäøåãî ñèãíàëà îò ãëóáèíû çàëåãàíèÿ èñêóññòâåííîé íåñïëîøíîñòè ñ ó÷åòîì åå õàðàêòåðèñòè÷åñêîãî ðàçìåðà.

4.12.2.35. Íîðìàòèâíûå ïîêàçàòåëè êà÷åñòâà, óðîâåíü ïðèåìêè (Acceptance level):

1. Çíà÷åíèÿ èíôîðìàòèâíûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ñèãíàëîâ, à òàêæå çíà÷åíèÿ óñëîâíûõ ðàçìåðîâ è êîëè÷åñòâî (îáùåå èëè óäåëüíîå) îáíàðóæåííûõ íåñïëîøíîñòåé, âûõîä çà ïðåäåëû êîòîðûõ âëå÷åò çà ñîáîé ïðèçíàíèå îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ íåïðèãîäíûì äëÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ.

2. Óñòàíîâëåííûå ïðåäåëû, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê àìïëèòóäå ýõîñèãíàëà, ïîëîæåíèþ è êîëè÷åñòâó èíäèêàöèé èëè ðàçìåðîâ äåôåêòîâ, âûõîä çà êîòîðûå âëå÷åò çà ñîáîé ïðèçíàíèå îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ íåïðèãîäíûì äëÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ [10].

4.12.2.36. Óðîâåíü èçîáðàæåíèÿ (Display level) - âûáðàííàÿ ìèíèìàëüíàÿ àìïëèòóäà ýõîñèãíàëà, íà÷èíàÿ ñ êîòîðîé ýòè ñèãíàëû èñïîëüçóþò äëÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ãðàôè÷åñêèõ èçîáðàæåíèé ñå÷åíèé èëè ïðîåêöèé îáúåêòà êîíòðîëÿ [10].

4.12.2.37. Ñïîñîá ñòàíäàðòíîãî îáðàçöà (Reference block method) - ñïîñîá îöåíêè äåôåêòà ïóòåì ñðàâíåíèÿ ýõîñèãíàëîâ îò íåãî ñ ýõî-ñèãíàëàìè îò èçâåñòíûõ îòðàæàòåëåé â ñòàíäàðòíîì îáðàçöå [10].

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  Ðîññèè òåðìèí íå ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ.

4.12.2.38. Ñïîñîá ïîëîâèíû àìïëèòóäû, ñïîñîá 6 äÁ (Half-amplitude technique, 6 dB drop technique) - ñïîñîá îöåíêè ðàçìåðîâ äåôåêòà (íåñïëîøíîñòè) (åãî äëèíû, âûñîòû è øèðèíû), â êîòîðîì ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü èç ïîëîæåíèÿ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî ìàêñèìàëüíîé àìïëèòóäå îòðàæåííîãî ñèãíàëà, ñäâèãàþò äî óìåíüøåíèÿ àìïëèòóäû ñèãíàëà â 2 ðàçà (íà 6 äÁ) [10].

4.12.2.39. Ñïîñîáû îñëàáëåíèÿ ñèãíàëà íà 6 äÁ, 10 äÁ è 20 äÁ (6 dB, 10 dB and 20 dB drop techniques) - ñïîñîáû èçìåðåíèÿ óñëîâíûõ ðàçìåðîâ ïðîòÿæåííûõ äåôåêòîâ (íåñïëîøíîñòåé), ïàðàëëåëüíûõ ïîâåðõíîñòè ââîäà, îñíîâàííûå íà èçìåðåíèè ðàññòîÿíèÿ ìåæäó ïîëîæåíèÿìè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ íàä êðàåâûìè òî÷êàìè äåôåêòà, ïðè êîòîðûõ àìïëèòóäà ýõîñèãíàëà óìåíüøàåòñÿ îò ìàêñèìàëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ íà 6 äÁ, 10 äÁ è 20 äÁ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî.

Àëôàâèòíûé ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ ðàçäåëà 4 íà ðóññêîì ÿçûêå

À

À-ñêàí                                                                                                                           4.10.1

Â

Â-ñêàí                                                                                                                           4.10.2

Ñ

Ñ-ñêàí                                                                                                                           4.10.3

D

D-ñêàí                                                                                                                           4.10.4

F

F-ñêàí                                                                                                                           4.10.6

Ð

Ð-ñêàí                                                                                                                           4.10.5

S

SH-âîëíà                                                                                                                   4.3.2.12

SV-âîëíà                                                                                                                    4.3.2.11

À

Àâòîìàòè÷åñêèé ñèãíàëèçàòîð äåôåêòîâ                                                              4.9.2.26

Àâòîìàòè÷åñêîå ñêàíèðîâàíèå                                                                             4.12.1.13

Àäãåçèîííàÿ ïðî÷íîñòü                                                                                              4.1.29

Àêòèâíîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå                                                                                           4.2.26

Àêòèâíûé àêóñòè÷åñêèé ìåòîä                                                                                   4.7.3

Àêóñòèêî-òîïîãðàôè÷åñêèé ìåòîä                                                                           4.7.45

Àêóñòèêî-ýìèññèîííûé ìåòîä                                                                                  4.7.49

Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ àïïàðàòóðà                                                                                          4.9.1.1

Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ âîëíà                                                                                                   4.3.1.1

Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ ãîëîãðàôèè                                                                                          4.7.38

Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ çàäåðæêà                                                                                           4.5.2.24

Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ ëèíçà                                                                                                 4.5.2.10

Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ ìèêðîñêîïèÿ                                                                                       4.7.29

Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ íàãðóçêà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ                                                               4.5.3.21

Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ îñü ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ                                                                             4.4.8

Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ îñü ïó÷êà                                                                                                4.4.9

Àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ òåíü                                                                                                   4.3.4.29

Àêóñòè÷åñêèé áëîê                                                                                                    4.9.2.2

Àêóñòè÷åñêèé äåôåêòîñêîï                                                                                      4.9.1.2

Àêóñòè÷åñêèé èìïåäàíñ                                                                                          4.3.3.14

Àêóñòè÷åñêèé êîíòàêò                                                                                                  4.6.1

Àêóñòè÷åñêèé ìåòîä                                                                                                     4.7.1

Àêóñòè÷åñêèé ïó÷îê                                                                                                     4.4.6

Àêóñòè÷åñêèé ñòðóêòóðîñêîï                                                                                   4.9.1.7

Àêóñòè÷åñêèé òîëùèíîìåð                                                                                       4.9.1.4

Àêóñòè÷åñêîå äàâëåíèå                                                                                             4.3.1.4

Àêóñòè÷åñêîå ïîëå                                                                                                        4.4.1

Àìïëèòóäà                                                                                                                   4.2.11

Àìïëèòóäà âîëíû                                                                                                       4.3.1.7

Àìïëèòóäà èìïóëüñà                                                                                                    4.8.5

Àìïëèòóäà íàïðÿæåíèÿ (òîêà) âîçáóæäåíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ                           4.9.3.20

Àìïëèòóäà ñèãíàëà                                                                                                     4.8.26

Àìïëèòóäíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïðèåìíîãî òðàêòà                                                   4.9.3.8

Àìïëèòóäíî-÷àñòîòíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà                                                                   4.8.41

Àìïëèòóäíî-÷àñòîòíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ                                  4.5.3.18

Àìïëèòóäíûé äèñêðèìèíàòîð                                                                               4.9.2.17

Àìïëèòóäíûé ìåòîä ïðîõîæäåíèÿ                                                                             4.7.6

Àìïëèòóäíûé ñïåêòð                                                                                                  4.8.18

Àíàëèçàòîð ñïåêòðà                                                                                                 4.9.2.36

Àíàëîãîâàÿ îáðàáîòêà èíôîðìàöèè                                                                         4.8.54

Àíàëîãî-öèôðîâîé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü                                                                     4.9.2.30

Àíòèðåçîíàíñíàÿ ÷àñòîòà                                                                                          4.2.35

Àíòèñèììåòðè÷íàÿ âîëíà Ëýìáà                                                                           4.3.2.17

Àïåðòóðà                                                                                                                   4.5.3.35

Àïïàðàòóðà îáùåãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ                                                                              4.9.1.16

Àïïàðàòóðà ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííàÿ                                                                           4.9.1.17

ÀÐÄ-äèàãðàììà                                                                                                      4.12.2.34

ÀÑÄ                                                                                                                           4.9.2.26

Àòòåíþàòîð èçìåðèòåëüíûé                                                                                   4.9.2.27

ÀÖÏ                                                                                                                           4.9.2.30

À×Õ                                                                                                                              4.8.41

À×Õ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ                                                                                              4.5.3.18

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Áåãóùàÿ âîëíà                                                                                                           4.3.1.10

Áåñêîíòàêòíûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü                                                                            4.5.1.27

Áåñêîíòàêòíûé ñïîñîá                                                                                                 4.6.9

Áèìîðôíûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü                                                                                  4.5.1.38

Áëèæíÿÿ çîíà                                                                                                                 4.4.2

Áëîê öèôðîâîé îáðàáîòêè ñèãíàëîâ (ÁÖÎ)                                                           4.9.2.42

Áîêîâàÿ âîëíà                                                                                                           4.3.2.22

Áîêîâîå öèëèíäðè÷åñêîå îòâåðñòèå                                                                         4.11.9

Áîêîâûå ëåïåñòêè äèàãðàììû íàïðàâëåííîñòè                                                    4.5.3.10

Áðàêîâî÷íûé óðîâåíü ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè                                                             4.12.2.15

Áûñòðîäåéñòâèå ÀÑÄ                                                                                               4.9.3.23

Áûñòðîå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Ôóðüå (ÁÏÔ)                                                                     4.8.23

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Âåëîñèìåòðè÷åñêèé äåôåêòîñêîï                                                                          4.9.1.12

Âåëîñèìåòðè÷åñêèé ìåòîä                                                                                         4.7.10

Âåðòèêàëüíî ïîëÿðèçîâàííàÿ ïîïåðå÷íàÿ âîëíà                                                 4.3.2.11

Âèáðàòîð                                                                                                                     4.5.1.4

Âèáðàöèîííî-äèàãíîñòè÷åñêèé ìåòîä                                                                     4.7.50

Âèäåîèìïóëüñ                                                                                               4.8.3, 4.8.11

Âîçáóäèòåëü èçëó÷àþùåãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ                                                         4.9.2.12

Âîëíà â ïëàñòèíå                                                                                                     4.3.2.14

Âîëíà Ëýìáà                                                                                                             4.3.2.14

Âîëíà Ëýìáà íóëåâîãî ïîðÿäêà                                                                              4.3.2.18

Âîëíà Ëÿâà                                                                                                                4.3.2.23

Âîëíà îáåãàíèÿ                                                                                                         4.3.2.28

Âîëíà Ðýëåÿ                                                                                                                4.3.2.7

Âîëíà ñæàòèÿ-ðàçðåæåíèÿ                                                                                        4.3.2.4

Âîëíà ñîñêàëüçûâàíèÿ                                                                                             4.3.2.29

Âîëíà Ñòîóíëè                                                                                                         4.3.2.24

Âîëíîâîä                                                                                                                   4.5.2.29

Âîëíîâîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå ñðåäû                                                                             4.3.3.13

Âîëíîâîå ÷èñëî                                                                                                        4.3.1.12

Âîëíîâîé âåêòîð                                                                                                      4.3.1.13

Âîëíîâîé ïàêåò                                                                                                        4.3.1.20

Âðåìåííàÿ ðåãóëèðîâêà ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè                                                           4.9.3.16

Âðåìåííîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå                                                                                         4.1.28

Âðåìåííîé ìåòîä ïðîõîæäåíèÿ                                                                                  4.7.8

Âðåìåííîé òåíåâîé ìåòîä                                                                                           4.7.8

ÂÐ×                                                                                                                            4.9.3.16

Âòîðîé êðèòè÷åñêèé óãîë                                                                                       4.3.4.25

Âûíóæäåííûå êîëåáàíèÿ                                                                                           4.2.17

Âûñîòà ñèãíàëà                                                                                                            4.8.26

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Ãàðìîíèêà                                                                                                                    4.2.33

Ãàðìîíè÷åñêîå êîëåáàíèå                                                                                         4.2.19

Ãåíåðàòîð èìïóëüñîâ âîçáóæäåíèÿ                                                                        4.9.2.13

Ãåíåðàòîð ðàçâåðòêè                                                                                                4.9.2.14

Ãåíåðàòîð ñòðîáèðóþùèõ èìïóëüñîâ                                                                    4.9.2.16

Ãèáêîñòü                                                                                                                       4.2.24

Ãèñòåðåçèñ ÀÑÄ                                                                                                       4.9.3.22

Ãëóáèíà çàëåãàíèÿ íåñïëîøíîñòè                                                                        4.12.2.28

Ãëóáèíîìåð                                                                                                               4.9.2.28

Ãîëîâíàÿ âîëíà                                                                                                         4.3.2.21

Ãîëîãðàôè÷åñêîå èçîáðàæåíèå                                                                                 4.7.39

Ãîðèçîíòàëüíî ïîëÿðèçîâàííàÿ ïîïåðå÷íàÿ âîëíà                                              4.3.2.12

Ãðàíèöà ðàçäåëà ñðåä                                                                                                4.3.4.1

Ãðàíè÷íàÿ ÷àñòîòà                                                                                                      4.8.42

Ãðóïïîâàÿ ñêîðîñòü                                                                                                   4.3.3.2

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Äàâëåíèå                                                                                                                      4.1.22

Äàëüíÿÿ çîíà                                                                                                                  4.4.3

äÁ                                                                                                                                 4.9.3.9

Äâîÿêîâîãíóòàÿ ëèíçà                                                                                              4.5.2.12

Äâóìåðíàÿ ôàçèðîâàííàÿ ðåøåòêà                                                                         4.5.1.36

Äâóõïàðàìåòðîâàÿ îáðàáîòêà èíôîðìàöèè                                                              4.8.57

Äåêðåìåíò çàòóõàíèÿ                                                                                                  4.2.39

Äåëüòà-ìåòîä                                                                                                               4.7.13

Äåìïôåð                                                                                                                      4.5.2.7

Äåòåêòèðîâàííûé ñèãíàë (èìïóëüñ)                                                                         4.8.11

Äåòåêòîð                                                                                                                    4.9.2.10

Äåôåêò                                                                                                                          4.11.1

Äåôåêòîãðàììà                                                                                                           4.10.8

Äåôåêòîîòìåò÷èê                                                                                                     4.9.2.29

Äåôåêòîñêîï                                                                                                               4.9.1.2

Äåôîðìàöèÿ                                                                                                                   4.1.8

Äåôîðìàöèÿ ïëàñòè÷åñêàÿ                                                                                         4.1.12

Äåôîðìàöèÿ ðàñòÿæåíèÿ-ñæàòèÿ                                                                                4.1.9

Äåôîðìàöèÿ ñäâèãà                                                                                                     4.1.10

Äåôîðìàöèÿ òâåðäîãî òåëà                                                                                          4.1.8

Äåôîðìàöèÿ óïðóãàÿ                                                                                                   4.1.11

Äåöèáåë                                                                                                                       4.9.3.9

Äèàãðàììà àìïëèòóäà-ðàññòîÿíèå-äèàìåòð                                                       4.12.2.34

Äèàãðàììà íàïðàâëåííîñòè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ                                                        4.5.3.8

Äèàïàçîí ðàçâåðòêè                                                                                                 4.9.3.14

Äèíàìè÷åñêàÿ êîíòàêòíàÿ ãèáêîñòü                                                                         4.6.13

Äèíàìè÷åñêèé äèàïàçîí                                                                                           4.9.3.7

Äèíàìè÷åñêèé äèàïàçîí ÂÐ×                                                                                 4.9.3.18

Äèíàìè÷åñêèé äèàïàçîí äåôåêòîñêîïà                                                                4.12.2.9

Äèñïåðñèîííàÿ âîëíà                                                                                              4.3.2.26

Äèñïåðñèÿ ñêîðîñòè çâóêà                                                                                        4.3.3.3

Äèñïëåé                                                                                                                     4.9.2.18

Äèôðàãèðîâàííàÿ âîëíà                                                                                          4.3.2.25

Äèôðàêöèîííî-âðåìåííîé ìåòîä                                                                             4.7.12

Äèôðàêöèÿ                                                                                                                4.3.1.15

Äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü èìïåäàíñíîãî äåôåêòîñêîïà                 4.5.1.13

Äëèíà âîëíû                                                                                                               4.3.1.9

Äëèíà èìïóëüñà                                                                                                            4.8.9

Äëèíà ïóòè âîëíû                                                                                                    4.3.3.15

Äëèòåëüíîñòü èìïóëüñà                                                                                               4.8.6

Äîáðîòíîñòü                                                                                                                4.2.37

Äîáðîòíîñòü ìàòåðèàëà                                                                                           4.3.3.12

Äîííàÿ ïîâåðõíîñòü                                                                                                 4.12.1.2

Äîííûé ñèãíàë                                                                                                            4.8.27

Äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ ïëîñêîñòü                                                                                       4.3.2.9

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Æåñòêîñòü                                                                                                                    4.2.25

Æèäêîêðèñòàëëè÷åñêèé èíäèêàòîð                                                                       4.9.2.20

3

Çàäåðæàííàÿ ðàçâåðòêà                                                                                            4.9.3.13

Çàêîí ñèíóñîâ                                                                                                           4.3.4.21

Çàêîí Ñíåëëèóñà                                                                                                      4.3.4.21

Çàðóáêà                                                                                                                       4.11.11

Çàñâåðëîâêà                                                                                                                4.11.15

Çàòóõàíèå âîëíû                                                                                                         4.3.3.4

Çàùèùåííûé ïüåçîýëåìåíò                                                                                       4.5.2.5

Çâóêîâàÿ âîëíà                                                                                                            4.3.1.3

Çâóêîâàÿ ÷àñòîòà                                                                                                          4.2.14

Çâóêîâîå äàâëåíèå                                                                                                      4.3.1.4

Çâóêîâîé ïó÷îê                                                                                                              4.4.6

Çâóêîïðîâîä                                                                                                              4.5.2.29

Çåðêàëüíî-òåíåâîé ìåòîä                                                                                           4.7.16

Çîíà èíäèêàöèè èíôîðìàòèâíîãî ïàðàìåòðà                                                     4.12.2.27

Çîíà êîíòðîëÿ                                                                                                         4.12.1.24

Çîíà Ôðàóíãîôåðà                                                                                                         4.4.3

Çîíà Ôðåíåëÿ                                                                                                                 4.4.2

Çîíäèðóþùèé èìïóëüñ                                                                                               4.8.24

Çîíäèðóþùèé ñèãíàë                                                                                                  4.8.24

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Èçãèáíàÿ âîëíà                                                                                                         4.3.2.19

Èçëó÷àþùèé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü                                                                                  4.5.1.6

Èçîòðîïíàÿ ñðåäà                                                                                                          4.1.5

Èçîòðîïíûé ìàòåðèàë                                                                                                  4.1.5

Èììåðñèîííûé ìåòîä                                                                                                4.7.17

Èììåðñèîííûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü                                                                           4.5.1.20